Discuss the Process of Urine Formation in Kidney The kidneys form urine through three main steps: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. These processes occur in the functional unit of the kidney called the nephron. 1. Glomerular Filtration Occurs in the glomerulus, a tuft of capillaries within Bowman’s capsule. Blood pressure forces water and solutes (like urea, […]
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Describe the Transport Mechanisms of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood Oxygen Transport Oxygen is transported from the lungs to tissues mainly by hemoglobin in red blood cells. Oxyhemoglobin: About 98.5% of oxygen binds reversibly to hemoglobin forming oxyhemoglobin (HbO₂). Dissolved Oxygen: About 1.5% dissolves directly in plasma and is available for immediate use
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Explain the Mechanics of Respiration The mechanics of respiration refer to the physical processes involved in breathing—inhalation and exhalation. It involves the coordinated activity of the respiratory muscles and changes in thoracic volume and pressure. 1. Inhalation (Inspiration) The diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity. External intercostal muscles contract,
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Discuss the Roles of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Regulation of Blood Pressure The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a hormone-based system that plays a crucial role in maintaining blood pressure and fluid balance in the human body. When blood pressure drops or sodium levels decrease, RAAS gets activated to restore balance. Key Components and Their Roles Renin:
Illustrate the Structure of Heart. Explain the Steps of Cardiac Cycle Structure of the Heart The human heart is a muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs. It has four chambers: Two atria (right and left atrium) – thin-walled chambers that receive blood. Two ventricles (right and left ventricle) – thick-walled chambers
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What Are Clotting Factors? Briefly Describe the Process of Blood Coagulation Clotting factors are specific proteins and enzymes found in blood plasma that are essential for the process of blood clot formation (coagulation). These factors work together in a cascade-like sequence to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. What Are Clotting Factors? Clotting
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Define Homeostasis. Discuss Its Control System and Significance in Maintaining the Internal Environment of the Human Body Homeostasis refers to the ability of the human body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions. This balance is crucial for the survival and optimal functioning of cells and organs. Homeostasis regulates key variables
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