Ex Post Facto Research Ex post facto research refers to a type of non-experimental study in which the researcher examines the effect of a naturally occurring independent variable on a dependent variable. The term means “after the fact,” as the cause has already occurred, and the researcher analyzes data retrospectively without manipulation or random assignment.
Ex Post Facto research Read More »
Introduction Variables are central to any research study as they represent the characteristics or attributes that researchers measure, manipulate, or observe. Understanding different types of variables is essential for designing a study, analyzing data, and interpreting results. Variables differ based on their roles in the research process, level of measurement, and their relationship with other
Explain the different types of variables Read More »
Introduction Survey research is a widely used method for collecting data in social sciences, particularly psychology. It involves asking individuals questions to obtain self-reported data on attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, or demographics. To ensure reliability and validity, researchers use specific instruments for data collection. Each instrument is chosen based on the research objectives, the population, and
Describe the various instruments used in collecting data through Survey research Read More »
Introduction Validity refers to the degree to which a research study accurately reflects or assesses the concept it aims to measure. In research design, two critical forms of validity are internal validity and external validity. Internal validity refers to the credibility of the causal relationship between variables within the study, while external validity concerns the
Discuss the various threats to internal and external validity Read More »
Introduction Quasi-experimental research designs are used when true experimental designs are not feasible due to ethical, practical, or logistical constraints. Unlike true experiments, quasi-experiments lack random assignment of participants to groups. However, they still involve manipulation of an independent variable and comparison of outcomes, making them valuable for studying cause-and-effect relationships in real-world settings. Types
Discuss the different types of Quasi experimental research design Read More »
Introduction A case study is a qualitative research method that involves an in-depth, contextual analysis of a single event, individual, group, or organization. It is commonly used in psychology, social sciences, education, and health studies. Case studies are particularly valuable when exploring complex phenomena within real-life contexts. However, despite their value, case studies are often
Describe the criteria and misconceptions of case studies Read More »
Introduction The research process is a systematic, step-by-step approach used to collect, analyze, and interpret information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. It forms the foundation of academic and applied inquiry across disciplines, especially in psychology and social sciences. Understanding each step is crucial for ensuring the reliability, validity, and ethical integrity
Discuss the steps involved in research process Read More »
Introduction A factorial research design is a type of experimental design that involves two or more independent variables (factors) and allows researchers to study the effect of each variable independently and in interaction with others. It is widely used in psychological and social research because of its ability to examine complex relationships among variables. This
Discuss the types, advantages, limitations and implications of Factorial research design Read More »
Introduction Sampling is a fundamental concept in research methodology that involves selecting a subset of individuals or elements from a larger population to represent that population in a study. Since it is often impractical or impossible to study an entire population due to constraints of time, cost, and accessibility, researchers use sampling techniques to gather
Define sampling. Discuss the different methods of sampling Read More »
Disabled !
