Reason Reason is the mental faculty that allows individuals to think logically, form judgments, and draw conclusions. It is often contrasted with emotion, instinct, or faith. In both Western and Indian philosophy, reason has been viewed as the foundation of human knowledge, science, and ethics. In classical philosophy, reason is considered the highest function of […]
Volition Volition refers to the mental capacity or power to make conscious decisions or choices. It is often associated with the will—the ability to intentionally control or direct one’s actions. In philosophical and psychological discussions, volition is crucial for understanding human autonomy and moral responsibility. Volition implies an active process where a person reflects, deliberates,
Emotional Mind The term Emotional Mind refers to the part of our mental functioning that is driven primarily by feelings, emotions, and subjective experiences rather than logical reasoning or rational analysis. It is often contrasted with the rational or analytical mind. In psychology, the emotional mind plays a key role in decision-making, social interactions, and
What are the Metaphysical Assumptions Behind the Idea of Volition? Volition refers to the capacity or power of the will to make conscious choices or decisions. The metaphysical assumptions behind volition are deeply tied to questions of freedom, agency, and causality in human behavior. First, volition assumes that humans are agents capable of initiating actions
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Examine Gilbert Ryle’s Objection Against Cartesian Mind Body Dualism Gilbert Ryle, a 20th-century British philosopher, famously critiqued Cartesian dualism in his book The Concept of Mind. René Descartes proposed that the mind and body are two separate substances: the mind is non-physical, while the body is physical. Ryle rejected this dualism as a category mistake.
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Discuss the Idea of Intentionality Intentionality refers to the capacity of the mind to be directed toward or about something. It is the characteristic of mental states like beliefs, desires, hopes, and fears, which are always about an object or a state of affairs. For example, you can believe in justice, desire peace, or fear
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Write a Note on the John Locke’s Idea of Complex Ideas John Locke, a prominent British empiricist, introduced the concept of “complex ideas” in his work Essay Concerning Human Understanding. According to Locke, all knowledge originates from experience and is formed through the mind’s operations on simple ideas derived from sensory experience or reflection. Simple
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Compare Hume’s and Russell’s View on the Role of Memory in Remembering Introduction Memory is a key faculty in understanding personal identity and knowledge acquisition. Philosophers like David Hume and Bertrand Russell have explored memory’s nature and reliability, offering contrasting views. While both agree that memory plays a role in shaping our perception of the
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What are the Presuppositions of Sphotavada? Discuss. Introduction Sphotavada is a significant linguistic theory in Indian philosophy, particularly developed in the Mimamsa and Nyaya traditions, and later systematized by Bhartrihari in the Vakyapadiya. The term “sphota” refers to the indivisible and eternal sound or meaning that is revealed during speech. This theory provides a metaphysical
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How Samkhya Define Purusa and Prakriti? How Does the Concept of Ling (Union of Purusa and Prakriti) Address Mind-Body Problem? Introduction The Samkhya school of Indian philosophy offers a dualistic framework to understand the universe and human existence. It posits two eternal, independent realities: Purusa (consciousness) and Prakriti (matter or nature). These two principles form
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