Introduction
Water resources are broadly classified into surface water and groundwater. These sources are vital for drinking, agriculture, and industrial purposes. However, increasing human activities are leading to their degradation, posing serious environmental and health risks.
Difference Between Surface and Ground Water
Surface Water: Found in rivers, lakes, ponds, and reservoirs, it is directly exposed to the atmosphere and easily accessible. Surface water is used for irrigation, hydropower, and urban supply but is prone to pollution from runoff and sewage.
Groundwater: Located beneath the earth’s surface in aquifers and underground reservoirs, it is accessed through wells and boreholes. It is usually cleaner due to natural filtration but harder to replenish once overused.
Key Differences:
- Accessibility: Surface water is easily accessed; groundwater requires pumping.
- Pollution Risk: Surface water is more vulnerable; groundwater is relatively protected but can still be contaminated by deep infiltration of pollutants.
- Recharge Rate: Surface water replenishes faster; groundwater recharge is slow and dependent on geological factors.
Factors Responsible for Degradation of Water
1. Industrial Waste Discharge
Industries release untreated chemical waste into rivers and lakes, causing pollution and harming aquatic life and human health.
2. Agricultural Runoff
Fertilizers and pesticides used in farming wash into water bodies, leading to eutrophication and chemical contamination.
3. Domestic Sewage
Urban wastewater, often released without treatment, depletes oxygen in water bodies and spreads diseases.
4. Over-extraction
Excessive withdrawal of groundwater for agriculture and urban needs lowers water tables and causes land subsidence.
5. Deforestation and Urbanization
These activities increase sedimentation and reduce water retention, affecting the natural recharge of aquifers.
6. Climate Change
Erratic rainfall patterns and higher temperatures reduce water availability and affect recharge cycles.
Conclusion
Protecting both surface and groundwater is crucial for sustainable water management. Measures like wastewater treatment, organic farming, and rainwater harvesting can help reduce degradation and ensure long-term availability.