Introduction
The Pandyas were one of the oldest and most powerful dynasties in South India. Their rule extended across various periods, but they were especially prominent during the early and late medieval periods (6th to 14th centuries CE). The administration during the Pandyan period reflects a well-organized and stable political system. In this article, we will explore how the Pandyan state was governed, focusing on its structure, local administration, revenue system, and military.
Monarchical Government
The Pandyan state was a hereditary monarchy. The king was the head of the government and played a central role in administration, military affairs, justice, and religion. Kings claimed divine sanction and often performed grand religious rituals to strengthen their authority. They used titles such as “Sundara Pandya” or “Jatavarman” to emphasize their status and lineage.
Central Administration
The king was assisted by a council of ministers, military commanders, and royal officials. Important posts included:
- Amatyas: Ministers handling different portfolios
- Dandanayaka: In charge of law and order
- Senapati: Commander-in-chief
The central administration was responsible for defense, revenue collection, public works, and religious patronage.
Provincial and Local Administration
The kingdom was divided into provinces, districts, and villages for better governance. Each province was administered by a governor appointed by the king.
Local self-government was a special feature of the Pandyan administration, especially in Tamil Nadu. Villages had assemblies known as “ur” or “sabhas,” where local elders and landowners took part in decision-making. These assemblies managed irrigation, tax collection, and dispute resolution.
Revenue System
The main source of income for the state was land revenue. The amount of tax depended on the type and quality of land. Land was carefully measured, and records were maintained. In some cases, taxes were paid in the form of agricultural produce.
In addition to land revenue, the state earned income from trade (both internal and overseas), tolls, customs, and fines. Ports like Korkai and Kayal were important trade centers, bringing in wealth through maritime commerce.
Judicial System
The king was the highest judge, but local courts also existed. Village assemblies played a role in resolving minor disputes. Punishments included fines, public shaming, or in serious cases, corporal punishment. Temples sometimes acted as centers of arbitration and justice.
Military Organization
The Pandyan kings maintained a strong military to protect their territory and trade routes. The army included infantry, cavalry, elephants, and navy. Wars were fought with neighboring kingdoms like the Cholas and the Hoysalas. Inscriptions and literature describe grand victories and the military skills of the Pandyan rulers.
Public Works and Welfare
Pandyan kings invested in building temples, tanks, roads, and rest houses. Irrigation was well managed through tanks and canals, which supported agriculture. They also supported arts, literature, and learning, especially in Tamil.
Conclusion
The administration during the Pandyan times was a combination of central authority and local participation. The use of village assemblies, efficient revenue collection, and support for infrastructure and culture made the Pandyan state strong and stable. Their rule contributed greatly to the development of South Indian polity and society.