Epiphenomenalism
Epiphenomenalism is a theory in the philosophy of mind which asserts that mental events are the by-products (or epiphenomena) of physical processes in the brain. According to this view, while brain activity causes mental experiences, these mental experiences do not influence physical events.
This theory maintains a one-way causal relationship: physical processes lead to mental states, but not vice versa. For example, the sensation of pain is caused by nerve activity, but the experience of pain does not affect the physical body’s response—it is simply a parallel occurrence.
Epiphenomenalism supports a materialist view of the mind and is often discussed in debates about consciousness, free will, and mental causation. Critics argue it undermines human agency and moral responsibility, while supporters suggest it aligns better with neuroscience. Overall, it presents a challenge to dualistic and interactionist views of mind-body relations.