Explain the differences between procedural programming and object oriented programming with the help of one example program of each.

Differences Between Procedural Programming and Object-Oriented Programming

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Example Programs

1. Procedural Programming Example

This example calculates the area of a rectangle using functions.

#include <stdio.h>

// Function to calculate area of a rectangle
float calculateArea(float length, float width) {
    return length * width;
}

int main() {
    float length, width, area;

    // Input length and width
    printf("Enter the length of the rectangle: ");
    scanf("%f", &length);
    printf("Enter the width of the rectangle: ");
    scanf("%f", &width);

    // Calculate area
    area = calculateArea(length, width);

    // Output area
    printf("Area of the rectangle: %.2fn", area);
    return 0;
}

Key Features in Procedural Approach:

• Functions (calculateArea) operate on global/local variables.
• Data (length, width) and functions are separate entities.
• No encapsulation or abstraction.

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2. Object-Oriented Programming Example

This example calculates the area of a rectangle using classes and objects.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// Class to represent a rectangle
class Rectangle {
private:
    float length;
    float width;

public:
    // Constructor to initialize length and width
    Rectangle(float l, float w) {
        length = l;
        width = w;
    }

    // Method to calculate the area
    float calculateArea() {
        return length * width;
    }

    // Method to display dimensions and area
    void display() {
        cout << "Length: " << length << ", Width: " << width << endl;
        cout << "Area: " << calculateArea() << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    float length, width;

    // Input length and width
    cout << "Enter the length of the rectangle: ";
    cin >> length;
    cout << "Enter the width of the rectangle: ";
    cin >> width;

    // Create an object of the Rectangle class
    Rectangle rect(length, width);

    // Display details and area
    rect.display();

    return 0;
}

Key Features in Object-Oriented Approach:

• Encapsulation: Data (length, width) is private and accessed via public methods (calculateArea).
• Reusability: The Rectangle class can be reused in other programs.
• Abstraction: Hides internal implementation details from the user.

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Conclusion

Procedural programming organizes code into functions operating on shared data, while object-oriented programming organizes code into objects that encapsulate both data and behavior. OOP offers better modularity, code reuse, and scalability, making it more suitable for complex systems.