(a) Ecofeminism
Ecofeminism is a social and ecological movement that links the oppression of women with environmental degradation. It emphasizes the connection between the exploitation of nature and patriarchal systems, advocating for gender equality and ecological sustainability. Ecofeminists believe that women, due to their nurturing roles, have a closer relationship with nature and should lead environmental protection efforts.
(b) Geographical and Social Inequity
Geographical and social inequity refers to the uneven distribution of environmental resources and burdens across regions and communities. Poor and marginalized groups often face higher exposure to pollution, lack of access to clean water, and inadequate health services, while affluent areas enjoy better environmental conditions. This inequity deepens poverty and affects overall well-being.
(c) Ozone Layer Depletion
Ozone layer depletion is the thinning of the Earth’s ozone layer caused mainly by human-made chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The ozone layer protects life by filtering harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Depletion leads to increased UV exposure, causing skin cancer, cataracts, and ecological damage. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol aim to curb ozone-depleting substances.
(d) Acid Rain
Acid rain is precipitation with a lower pH, formed when sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from fossil fuel combustion mix with atmospheric moisture. It damages forests, lakes, soil, and buildings, and harms aquatic life. Acid rain also contributes to human health problems and is a result of air pollution and industrial emissions.