IGNOU MAPC Archives - Page 2 of 4

Describe the various instruments used in collecting data through Survey research

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Introduction Survey research is a widely used method for collecting data in social sciences, particularly psychology. It involves asking individuals questions to obtain self-reported data on attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, or demographics. To ensure reliability and validity, researchers use specific instruments for data collection. Each instrument is chosen based on the research objectives, the population, and […]

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Discuss the various threats to internal and external validity

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Introduction Validity refers to the degree to which a research study accurately reflects or assesses the concept it aims to measure. In research design, two critical forms of validity are internal validity and external validity. Internal validity refers to the credibility of the causal relationship between variables within the study, while external validity concerns the

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Discuss the different types of Quasi experimental research design

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Introduction Quasi-experimental research designs are used when true experimental designs are not feasible due to ethical, practical, or logistical constraints. Unlike true experiments, quasi-experiments lack random assignment of participants to groups. However, they still involve manipulation of an independent variable and comparison of outcomes, making them valuable for studying cause-and-effect relationships in real-world settings. Types

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Describe the criteria and misconceptions of case studies

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Introduction A case study is a qualitative research method that involves an in-depth, contextual analysis of a single event, individual, group, or organization. It is commonly used in psychology, social sciences, education, and health studies. Case studies are particularly valuable when exploring complex phenomena within real-life contexts. However, despite their value, case studies are often

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Discuss the steps involved in research process

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Introduction The research process is a systematic, step-by-step approach used to collect, analyze, and interpret information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. It forms the foundation of academic and applied inquiry across disciplines, especially in psychology and social sciences. Understanding each step is crucial for ensuring the reliability, validity, and ethical integrity

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Discuss the types, advantages, limitations and implications of Factorial research design

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Introduction A factorial research design is a type of experimental design that involves two or more independent variables (factors) and allows researchers to study the effect of each variable independently and in interaction with others. It is widely used in psychological and social research because of its ability to examine complex relationships among variables. This

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Types of prejudice

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Types of Prejudice Prejudice refers to preconceived negative attitudes toward individuals based on group membership. Common types include racial prejudice (based on ethnicity), gender prejudice (sexism), age prejudice (ageism), religious prejudice, and sexual orientation bias. These prejudices foster discrimination, stereotyping, and social inequality in society.

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Characteristics of attitudes

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Characteristics of Attitudes Attitudes are learned predispositions to respond favorably or unfavorably toward objects, people, or ideas. Their key characteristics include direction (positive or negative), intensity (strength of feeling), accessibility (ease of recall), and consistency (alignment between beliefs and behavior). Attitudes influence perception, behavior, and decision-making.

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Proactive and reactive aggression

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Proactive and Reactive Aggression Proactive aggression is deliberate and goal-oriented behavior used to achieve a desired outcome, such as bullying to gain dominance. Reactive aggression is impulsive, triggered by perceived threats or provocation. While proactive aggression is planned and unemotional, reactive aggression is emotionally driven and defensive in nature.

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Door-in-the-face technique

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Door-in-the-Face Technique The door-in-the-face technique is a persuasive strategy where a large, unreasonable request is made first and is expected to be refused. Then, a smaller, more reasonable request is made, which the individual is more likely to accept. It works due to the principle of reciprocity and guilt reduction.

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