i) Radio Carbon Dating Radio Carbon Dating is a scientific method used to determine the age of organic materials, particularly those that are archaeological or historical in nature. Developed in the late 1940s by Willard Libby, the method relies on measuring the decay of carbon-14 (C-14), a radioactive isotope found in all living organisms. Once […]
Short Notes: i) Radio Carbon Dating ii) Guilds Read More »
Introduction The period between 300 BCE and 300 CE was a transformative era for foreign trade in India, particularly in the Peninsular region. This timeframe witnessed dynamic interactions between Indian merchants and those from the Roman Empire, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. Peninsular India, with its extensive coastline and natural harbors, played a central
Introduction The Satvahana dynasty, which ruled parts of central and southern India between the 1st century BCE and the 3rd century CE, played a vital role in shaping the socio-economic landscape of ancient India. Emerging after the decline of the Mauryan Empire, the Satvahanas bridged the gap between the northern and southern political spheres and
Discuss the salient features of Satvahana Economy. Read More »
Introduction The study of economic history of ancient India has undergone significant transformation over the past few decades. Earlier, economic history was primarily based on dynastic records, literary texts, and colonial interpretations. However, recent trends reveal a shift towards more interdisciplinary and analytical approaches. These newer perspectives take into account archaeology, numismatics, ecology, and comparative
Discuss the recent trends in the economic history writings of Ancient India? Read More »
MHI-04: Political Structures in India – Assignment Answer Links Below is the complete list of answers for the IGNOU MHI-04 assignment (2024–25), with direct links to each post: Section A Write a note on the Satvahana state Discuss the debate on the study of early medieval polity How have the modern historians looked at the
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Introduction The colonial revenue policy in India was a cornerstone of British administrative and economic strategy. Designed primarily to extract maximum financial gain, it had far-reaching consequences for Indian agriculture, society, and economy. The British implemented various land revenue systems such as the Permanent Settlement, Ryotwari, and Mahalwari systems, all tailored to suit imperial objectives.
What were the objectives of the colonial revenue policy? Discuss. Read More »
Introduction Colonial forest policy in India was a defining element of British imperial governance, deeply affecting the environmental, social, and economic landscapes of the subcontinent. Instituted primarily to serve British economic interests, these policies transformed traditional forest usage, marginalized indigenous communities, and introduced centralized regulation. In this essay, we examine the nature, objectives, and consequences
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Introduction The Mughal Empire, which ruled large parts of the Indian subcontinent from the early 16th to the mid-18th century, is renowned for its sophisticated and centralized administrative system. Mughal administration blended Central Asian traditions with Indian practices, resulting in an efficient and structured bureaucracy. The empire’s governance model set a precedent for subsequent Indian
What was the nature of the Mughal administration? Discuss. Read More »
Introduction The Pandyan dynasty, one of the oldest and most prominent Tamil ruling houses in South India, held sway over regions in present-day Tamil Nadu. Their rule spanned several centuries, with two major phases: the early Pandyas (pre-Sangam and Sangam era) and the later Pandyas (post-Chola period). During both phases, especially in the later medieval
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Introduction The Chola dynasty, which ruled significant parts of South India between the 9th and 13th centuries CE, represents one of the most powerful and enduring political structures in Indian history. The Chola state is especially noted for its centralized administration, extensive temple economy, maritime trade networks, and sophisticated village self-governance. In this essay, we
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