(a) Direct Violence in Africa Direct violence in Africa refers to physical harm, conflicts, and human rights abuses caused by wars, terrorism, ethnic violence, and state repression. The continent has experienced numerous violent conflicts over the decades, leading to loss of lives, displacement, economic destruction, and social instability. Direct violence can take many forms, including […]
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(a) Human Security in Africa Introduction Human security in Africa focuses on ensuring freedom from fear, freedom from want, and dignity for all individuals. Unlike traditional security, which emphasizes military defense, human security prioritizes economic stability, food security, healthcare, political rights, and protection from violence. Africa faces several human security challenges, including poverty, armed conflicts,
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(a) Post-Cold War Peacekeeping in Africa After the Cold War (1945–1991), Africa faced numerous conflicts, including civil wars, ethnic violence, and political instability. The end of superpower rivalries led to an increase in United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions, as well as involvement by the African Union (AU) and regional organizations. These peacekeeping efforts aimed to
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Africa’s Position in International Economy Africa plays a crucial role in the global economy, contributing vast natural resources, agricultural products, and labor. However, despite its wealth in resources, Africa remains economically underdeveloped compared to other continents due to historical exploitation, weak industrialization, trade imbalances, and political instability. The continent continues to be highly dependent on
How is Political Thought distinguished from Political Theory and Political Philosophy? Explain. Political thought, political theory, and political philosophy are interconnected yet distinct concepts within the broader domain of political studies. They each have their own scope, methodology, and focus. Understanding their differences helps scholars and students to better organize and analyze the rich tapestry
Is There a Need for Involvement of the Private Sector in Professional Education? Introduction Professional education equips individuals with the specialized knowledge and skills required for careers in fields like engineering, medicine, law, management, and information technology. While public institutions have traditionally dominated this domain, the growing demand for quality education, coupled with resource constraints
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Education as a Tool for Women’s Empowerment Introduction Education is a fundamental right and a powerful tool for transforming the lives of individuals and communities. For women, education serves as a key driver of empowerment, enabling them to break free from the cycle of poverty, challenge societal norms, and achieve their full potential. In the
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The Role of Education in Nation-Building in India Introduction Education is one of the most powerful tools for shaping a nation’s social, economic, and political fabric. In India, a country characterized by its vast diversity and complex challenges, education plays a central role in fostering unity, promoting development, and ensuring social progress. Since independence, education
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What is Positivism? Positivism is a philosophical approach that asserts that knowledge is derived from empirical evidence and scientific methods. It emphasizes observation, experimentation, and logical reasoning as the primary sources of knowledge, rejecting metaphysical and subjective interpretations. In the field of sociology, positivism advocates for studying society using methods similar to those employed in
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Discuss Karl Marx’s Perspective on Class Karl Marx’s theory of class is one of the most influential frameworks in sociology, forming the foundation of Marxist thought. Marx analyzed class as a central element of society, rooted in the economic structure and modes of production. He argued that class struggle is the driving force of historical
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