Introduction The immune system is designed to protect the body from harmful invaders, but sometimes it overreacts to harmless substances or causes tissue damage while trying to defend the body. These overreactions are known as hypersensitivity reactions. Type IV hypersensitivity, also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), is a special kind of immune reaction that occurs […]
Give an overview of Type IV hypersensitivity. Read More »
Introduction Transplantation and vaccination are important areas in immunology and medicine. Understanding the differences between types of grafts and types of vaccines helps in appreciating how the immune system interacts with foreign tissues and how it can be trained to prevent diseases. This answer explains the differences between: i) Autograft and Xenograft ii) Recombinant Vaccines
Introduction The immune system is made up of a variety of cells with specialized roles in defense against infections and maintaining tolerance to the body’s own cells. Natural Killer (NK) cells and Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are two types of lymphocytes involved in immune responses. B-cell tolerance, on the other hand, is a mechanism
a) Compare NK and NKT cells. b) Describe mechanism of B-cell tolerance Read More »
Introduction The immune system uses antigen presentation and T-cell selection processes to detect harmful invaders and develop immune memory. Two important concepts in immunology are the endogenous pathway of antigen presentation and positive T-cell selection. Let’s understand both of these in simple and clear terms. a) Endogenous Pathway of Antigen Presentation What is It? The
Introduction B-cells, or B lymphocytes, are a crucial part of the adaptive immune system. They are responsible for producing antibodies that help the body fight infections. B-cell development is a complex process that occurs primarily in the bone marrow and involves several stages. In this answer, we will explain the stages of B-cell development in
Explain B- cell development with a schematic representation. Read More »
Introduction The immune system is responsible for defending the body against infections and diseases. It consists of various cells, tissues, and organs that work together. Among these, lymphoid organs play a central role in the development and functioning of immune responses. In adult humans, lymphoid organs are broadly classified into primary (central) and secondary (peripheral)
Give an overview of primary and secondary lymphoid organ in adult man. Read More »
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