Hypochondriasis Hypochondriasis, now commonly referred to as Illness Anxiety Disorder in DSM-5, is a mental health condition where an individual is excessively worried about having a serious illness, despite having little or no medical evidence to support it. The person may frequently visit doctors, seek reassurance, and misinterpret normal body sensations as signs of severe […]
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD), also known as Heller’s syndrome, is a rare condition characterized by late-onset developmental delays in language, social function, and motor skills. It typically affects children after 2–4 years of normal development. Unlike autism, where symptoms appear earlier, CDD is marked by significant regression in multiple areas such as
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Introduction Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood, energy, and activity levels. These mood episodes include manic/hypomanic phases and depressive episodes. The condition affects a person’s ability to carry out day-to-day tasks and can significantly impair social and occupational functioning. It was formerly known as manic-depressive illness. Types of Bipolar
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Introduction Dissociative disorders are a group of mental health conditions that involve disruptions or breakdowns in memory, consciousness, identity, or perception. These disorders serve as coping mechanisms to deal with trauma or stress by causing a detachment from reality. Common types include Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), Dissociative Amnesia, and Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder. Understanding the etiology of
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Introduction Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition marked by the presence of obsessions (intrusive, unwanted thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety). OCD can cause significant distress and interfere with daily functioning. Both biological and psychological factors contribute to the development and maintenance of OCD. Biological Factors 1.
Introduction Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks—sudden episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms such as chest pain, heart palpitations, dizziness, or shortness of breath. Individuals with panic disorder often live in fear of having another attack and may avoid places or situations where previous attacks occurred, leading
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Introduction Parental deprivation, separation, and parenting styles play a significant role in the psychological development of children. The early environment, especially the relationship with primary caregivers, shapes emotional, social, and cognitive growth. Disruptions in this relationship, or maladaptive parenting, can contribute to the development of various forms of psychopathology, including anxiety, depression, personality disorders, and
Introduction Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that may develop after a person is exposed to a traumatic or life-threatening event. Individuals with PTSD may experience disturbing thoughts, flashbacks, nightmares, and severe anxiety that persist long after the traumatic event has ended. This disorder can significantly impair a person’s daily functioning and
Introduction Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is a psychological condition characterized by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and a lack of empathy. It is categorized under Cluster B personality disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Individuals with NPD often exhibit inflated self-importance, fantasies of success and power, and
Introduction Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It is a complex psychiatric condition that can lead to significant impairments in personal, social, and occupational functioning. Individuals with schizophrenia often experience delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and emotional dysregulation. The disorder typically begins in late adolescence
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