Causal Comparative Research Design Causal comparative research design, also known as ex post facto design, involves comparing two or more groups based on a pre-existing condition or characteristic to determine cause-effect relationships. The independent variable is not manipulated but observed as it naturally exists. Example: Comparing academic performance of students from rural and urban schools […]
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Introduction Validity refers to the degree to which a research study accurately reflects or assesses the concept it aims to measure. In research design, two critical forms of validity are internal validity and external validity. Internal validity refers to the credibility of the causal relationship between variables within the study, while external validity concerns the
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Introduction Social psychology is the scientific study of how people think, feel, and behave in social contexts. Formulating an investigation in social psychology involves systematic planning, data collection, and analysis to understand the causes and effects of social behavior. Because human behavior is complex and context-dependent, researchers use a variety of methods to explore hypotheses.
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