Humanism
Humanism was an intellectual and cultural movement that began during the Renaissance in Europe, around the 14th century. It focused on human values, potential, and achievements rather than religious or divine matters. Humanists believed in studying subjects like literature, history, philosophy, and art to understand human life better. This study was known as the “humanities.”
Humanism encouraged people to think independently and question traditional beliefs. It promoted ideas such as personal freedom, dignity, and the importance of education. Thinkers like Petrarch, Erasmus, and Thomas More were famous humanists who helped spread these ideas. Humanism also inspired artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, whose work celebrated the beauty of the human body and mind.
The movement played a key role in changing the way people viewed the world. It moved away from the strict religious teachings of the Middle Ages and opened the door for scientific discovery, modern education, and democratic thinking. In simple terms, humanism put people at the center of thought, rather than God or the church.
Mercantilism and Early Trading Empires
Mercantilism was an economic theory followed by European nations between the 16th and 18th centuries. It taught that a country’s power depended on its wealth, especially gold and silver. Countries tried to export more than they imported to collect wealth. This led to the rise of colonies and global trade.
Early trading empires like Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, France, and England used mercantilism to expand their influence. They set up colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. These colonies provided raw materials and became markets for European goods. Trade companies like the British East India Company and Dutch East India Company controlled large parts of this trade.
Mercantilism led to competition between countries and sometimes wars. It also caused exploitation of colonies and native populations. However, it helped create the first global trade network and laid the foundation for modern capitalism and imperialism.