Part A: Functions of VIP and Adiponectin
1. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
- VIP is a neuropeptide hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter and a vasodilator.
- Functions:
- Relaxes smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.
- Stimulates secretion of water and electrolytes in the intestines.
- Inhibits gastric acid secretion.
- Promotes dilation of blood vessels, improving blood flow.
- Modulates immune responses and has anti-inflammatory effects.
2. Adiponectin
- Adiponectin is a protein hormone secreted by fat cells (adipocytes).
- Functions:
- Improves insulin sensitivity and helps in glucose regulation.
- Increases fatty acid oxidation in liver and muscles.
- Reduces inflammation in blood vessels and tissues.
- Protects against metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
Part B: Differences Between Type I and Type II Diabetes Mellitus
| Feature | Type I Diabetes Mellitus | Type II Diabetes Mellitus |
|---|---|---|
| Cause | Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells | Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion |
| Insulin Production | Absent or very low | Initially normal or high, then decreases |
| Age of Onset | Usually in childhood or adolescence | Commonly in adults over 40 |
| Treatment | Requires lifelong insulin therapy | Managed with lifestyle changes, oral drugs, and sometimes insulin |
| Body Weight | Often normal or underweight | Often overweight or obese |
| Prevention | Not preventable | Can often be delayed or prevented by healthy lifestyle |
Conclusion
VIP and adiponectin are important hormones that regulate digestion, metabolism, and inflammation. Type I and type II diabetes are distinct disorders in terms of cause, treatment, and onset, but both require proper management to prevent complications.