2025

Goodness of fit refers to a statistical test that determines how well observed data match expected data according to a specific distribution. The Chi-square goodness-of-fit test is commonly used. In psychology, it helps assess how well theoretical distributions explain observed behavior or trait frequencies.

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Scatter plot

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A scatter plot is a graphical representation used to show the relationship between two continuous variables. Each point on the graph represents one observation. It helps in visualizing correlation, trends, and outliers, and is often used in psychology to explore associations between variables like anxiety and performance.

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Sampling and standard errors

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Sampling is the process of selecting a subset from a population to estimate population characteristics. Standard error measures the variability of a sample statistic from the population parameter. Smaller standard error indicates more accurate estimates. Both are crucial in psychological research for drawing valid inferences from data.

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Normal curve

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The normal curve, also called the bell curve, represents a symmetrical distribution of data where most values cluster around the mean. It is essential in psychology as many traits follow a normal distribution. Properties include equal mean, median, and mode, and predictable data spread governed by standard deviation.

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Linear regression

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Linear regression is a statistical method used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In simple linear regression, the relationship is modeled using a straight line (y = a + bx). It helps in prediction and identifying how variables are related in psychological research.

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Direction of correlation

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The direction of correlation indicates the type of relationship between two variables. A positive correlation means both variables increase together, while a negative correlation means one increases as the other decreases. Zero correlation indicates no relationship. This concept is crucial in psychological research to understand associations between behaviors or traits.

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Decision errors

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Decision errors occur in hypothesis testing when incorrect conclusions are drawn. There are two types: Type I error, where a true null hypothesis is wrongly rejected, and Type II error, where a false null hypothesis is not rejected. These errors affect the reliability of research, and their likelihood is influenced by sample size, effect size,

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Point estimation

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Point estimation refers to the process of using sample data to estimate a single value (point) as an approximate value of a population parameter. Common point estimators include the sample mean for population mean, and sample proportion for population proportion. While efficient and easy to interpret, point estimates may lack accuracy if not supported by

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MPC-006 Assignment 2024–25: Complete Index with Questions and Answers

Kruskal – Wallis ANOVA test

Goodness of fit

Scatter plot

Sampling and standard errors

Normal curve

Linear regression

Direction of correlation

Decision errors

Point estimation