Types of Prejudice Prejudice refers to preconceived negative attitudes toward individuals based on group membership. Common types include racial prejudice (based on ethnicity), gender prejudice (sexism), age prejudice (ageism), religious prejudice, and sexual orientation bias. These prejudices foster discrimination, stereotyping, and social inequality in society.
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Characteristics of Attitudes Attitudes are learned predispositions to respond favorably or unfavorably toward objects, people, or ideas. Their key characteristics include direction (positive or negative), intensity (strength of feeling), accessibility (ease of recall), and consistency (alignment between beliefs and behavior). Attitudes influence perception, behavior, and decision-making.
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Proactive and Reactive Aggression Proactive aggression is deliberate and goal-oriented behavior used to achieve a desired outcome, such as bullying to gain dominance. Reactive aggression is impulsive, triggered by perceived threats or provocation. While proactive aggression is planned and unemotional, reactive aggression is emotionally driven and defensive in nature.
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Negative-State Relief Hypothesis The negative-state relief hypothesis suggests that people help others to relieve their own negative emotions, such as sadness or guilt. Helping behavior is viewed as a way to improve mood or reduce personal distress, rather than being purely altruistic. It supports a self-focused motivation for pro-social acts.
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Door-in-the-Face Technique The door-in-the-face technique is a persuasive strategy where a large, unreasonable request is made first and is expected to be refused. Then, a smaller, more reasonable request is made, which the individual is more likely to accept. It works due to the principle of reciprocity and guilt reduction.
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Prototypes Prototypes are mental representations of the most typical or ideal examples of a category. In social psychology, prototypes help individuals classify and interpret people, objects, or situations based on prior experience. They influence person perception, social categorization, and stereotyping by shaping expectations and judgments.
Characteristics of Ethnography Ethnography is a qualitative research method focused on studying cultures and social interactions in their natural settings. Its key characteristics include in-depth observation, long-term fieldwork, participant immersion, rich descriptive data, and emphasis on understanding the participants’ point of view (emic perspective).
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Person Perception Person perception refers to the process by which individuals form impressions and make judgments about others. It involves interpreting cues like facial expressions, body language, tone of voice, and past behavior. This process influences how we interact with others and is shaped by biases, stereotypes, and expectations.
Define Social Psychology Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social situations. It explores how people’s thoughts, actions, and emotions are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Key areas include attitude formation, social influence, group dynamics, and interpersonal relationships.
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Introduction Pro-social behavior refers to voluntary actions intended to benefit others, including helping, sharing, donating, cooperating, and volunteering. Social psychologists have developed various theoretical perspectives to explain why individuals engage in such behavior. These theories offer insight into the cognitive, emotional, social, and biological mechanisms underlying altruistic and helping behaviors. This answer explores key theoretical
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