June 2025

Draw nitrogen cycle and explain biological nitrogen fixation

Leave a Comment / BBCCT-113 – Metabolism of Amino Acids and Nucleotides /

Draw Nitrogen Cycle and Explain Biological Nitrogen Fixation Nitrogen Cycle Overview The nitrogen cycle describes the natural processes by which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms in the environment. This transformation allows nitrogen to be available for plants and animals to use. The key stages of the nitrogen cycle include nitrogen fixation, nitrification, […]

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BBCCT-111 – Membrane Biology and Bioenergetics Assignment Answers

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BBCCT-111 – Membrane Biology and Bioenergetics Assignment Answers Below is a complete list of the answers for the IGNOU BBCCT-111 assignment. Each title is linked to the corresponding detailed post: Describe the general composition of a biomembrane Describe various types of lipids found in a biomembrane Explain v-SNARE and t-SNARE Explain lipid raft Differentiate between

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Write short notes on the following: Z-scheme and Light harvesting systems in microbes

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Write Short Notes on the Following: Z-Scheme and Light Harvesting Systems in Microbes (a) Z-Scheme The Z-scheme is a model that illustrates the energy flow of electrons during the light reactions of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Named for its characteristic “Z” shape, it describes the oxidation-reduction reactions in Photosystem II (PSII) and Photosystem

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Differentiate between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation

Leave a Comment / BBCCT-111 – Membrane Biology and Bioenergetics /

Differentiate Between Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation Photophosphorylation is the process of synthesizing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using light energy during photosynthesis. It occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and can follow two distinct pathways: cyclic and non-cyclic. Cyclic Photophosphorylation Involves only Photosystem I (PSI). Electrons are excited by light and passed through

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What is thermogenesis? What is its significance?

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What is Thermogenesis? What is Its Significance? Definition of Thermogenesis Thermogenesis is the biological process by which organisms produce heat, primarily to maintain body temperature in homeothermic (warm-blooded) animals. This process can occur through various mechanisms such as shivering, hormonal regulation, or the activity of brown adipose tissue. Types of Thermogenesis Shivering Thermogenesis: Involves rapid

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Give the details of respiratory complexes

Leave a Comment / BBCCT-111 – Membrane Biology and Bioenergetics /

Give the Details of Respiratory Complexes The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is a sequence of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that plays a key role in cellular respiration. These complexes transfer electrons from electron carriers (NADH and FADH₂) to molecular oxygen while pumping protons across the membrane to generate a proton

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What is biochemical standard state? Explain the ADP-ATP cycle

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What is Biochemical Standard State? Explain the ADP-ATP Cycle Biochemical Standard State The biochemical standard state refers to the standard conditions used in biochemistry to measure and compare the free energy changes (ΔG°′) of reactions. These conditions include: All reactants and products at a concentration of 1 M, except water (55.5 M) pH = 7

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Explain first and second laws of thermodynamics

Leave a Comment / BBCCT-111 – Membrane Biology and Bioenergetics /

Explain First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics – Law of Energy Conservation The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transformed from one form to another. In the context of biology, this implies that the total energy of a closed system remains constant, although

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Write short notes on the following: Group Translocation and Transport Vesicle

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Write Short Notes on the Following: Group Translocation and Transport Vesicle (a) Group Translocation Group translocation is a unique transport mechanism found primarily in prokaryotes, particularly bacteria, where a substance is chemically modified as it is transported across the membrane. The most well-known example is the phosphotransferase system (PTS), which transports sugars like glucose and

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Discuss the working of sodium–potassium pump

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Discuss the Working of Sodium–Potassium Pump The sodium–potassium pump (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase) is a vital membrane-bound enzyme that actively transports sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) ions across the plasma membrane, maintaining cellular electrochemical gradients. This process requires energy derived from ATP hydrolysis, making it an example of primary active transport. Mechanism of Action The pump is an

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