June 2025

Differentiate between Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis

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Differentiate between Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are two types of endocytosis, processes by which cells internalize substances from their surroundings. Both involve the engulfing of external material, but they differ in what is taken in and the mechanisms involved. Phagocytosis (Cell Eating) Involves engulfment of large particles such as bacteria, cell debris, or […]

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Differentiate between Simple and Facilitated diffusion

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Differentiate between Simple and Facilitated Diffusion Simple and facilitated diffusion are both passive transport mechanisms by which molecules move across biological membranes. However, they differ in the mechanisms and types of molecules involved. Simple Diffusion Occurs directly through the lipid bilayer without the involvement of membrane proteins. Primarily allows the passage of small, non-polar molecules

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Explain lipid raft

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Explain Lipid Raft Lipid rafts are specialized, dynamic microdomains within the plasma membrane, enriched in cholesterol, sphingolipids, and certain proteins. They play essential roles in organizing membrane structure and function, particularly in processes like signaling, trafficking, and membrane fluidity regulation. Composition High concentration of cholesterol and sphingolipids (e.g., sphingomyelin, glycosphingolipids). Contain specific proteins such as

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Explain v-SNARE and t-SNARE

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Explain v-SNARE and t-SNARE SNARE proteins are essential components of the vesicular transport system within eukaryotic cells. These proteins mediate the specific docking and fusion of vesicles with their target membranes, ensuring accurate delivery of cargo such as proteins, neurotransmitters, or hormones. v-SNARE (Vesicle-SNARE) v-SNAREs are located on the membrane of transport vesicles. A commonly

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Describe various types of lipids found in a biomembrane

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Describe Various Types of Lipids Found in a Biomembrane Biomembranes consist of a complex mixture of lipids that contribute to the membrane’s structural integrity, functionality, and dynamic behavior. The three major types of lipids present in biological membranes are phospholipids, glycolipids, and sterols. Each plays a unique role in membrane structure and function. 1. Phospholipids

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Describe the general composition of a biomembrane

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Describe the General Composition of a Biomembrane A biomembrane, also known as a biological membrane, is a complex structure that forms the boundary of cells and organelles, maintaining the internal environment and facilitating selective transport and communication. The primary structure of a biomembrane is the lipid bilayer, which consists mainly of phospholipids arranged in two

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BBCCT-109 – Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids | Complete Assignment Answers

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IGNOU BBCCT-109 Assignment (2025) Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids Course Code: BBCCT-109 Assignment Code: BBCCT-109/TMA/2025 Maximum Marks: 100 Answer List Explain the terms in 2-3 sentences: Substrate level phosphorylation, Glycolysis, Anaplerotic reactions, Chemotrophs, Catabolism (a) Explain different phases of glycolysis. Write the final equation indicating the net production of ATP (b) Why is ATP known

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Name the lipid that accumulates in Faber’s disease and Tay-Sach’s disease. Explain the signs and symptoms of these diseases.

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Lipid Accumulation in Faber’s Disease and Tay-Sach’s Disease Faber’s Disease Lipid Accumulated In Faber’s disease, the lipid that accumulates is ceramide. Cause Faber’s disease is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme acid ceramidase. This leads to impaired breakdown of ceramide, resulting in its accumulation within lysosomes. Signs and Symptoms

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Discuss the fate of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins under well fed state

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Fate of Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins in a Well-Fed State Introduction In the well-fed state (postprandial state), the body experiences high levels of glucose and other nutrients in the blood. This triggers insulin release and suppresses glucagon, leading to anabolic processes where nutrients are stored for future use. Each macronutrient—carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins—follows distinct metabolic

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What is ceramide? How is sphingomyelin synthesized from ceramide?

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Ceramide and Sphingomyelin Synthesis What is Ceramide? Ceramide is a central molecule in the metabolism of sphingolipids. It consists of a sphingosine backbone (an 18-carbon amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain) linked to a fatty acid via an amide bond. Ceramide acts as both a structural lipid component of membranes and a signaling molecule

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