September 2025

Introduction UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) plays a major role in promoting peace through education. It believes that peace is not just the absence of war but the presence of justice, tolerance, and mutual respect. Peace education, supported by UNESCO, aims to develop the values, skills, and behaviors necessary for creating a […]

Introduction Alternative Disputes Resolution (ADR) refers to methods of resolving conflicts outside the formal judicial system. It includes processes such as mediation, arbitration, negotiation, and conciliation. These methods are generally faster, less expensive, and more flexible than traditional court proceedings. ADR is widely used in civil, family, commercial, and even international disputes to promote peaceful

Introduction Conflict resolution in international relations is essential for maintaining peace and cooperation among countries. Various approaches are used by diplomats, governments, and international organizations to resolve disputes. These include negotiation, mediation, arbitration, peacekeeping, and more. Among these, the approach that appeals to me most is mediation and negotiation. This answer explains why I find

Introduction Racism is a form of discrimination based on race or ethnicity. It involves the belief that certain races are superior or inferior to others. Racism is not only a matter of individual prejudice but also includes systemic practices that lead to unequal treatment of people based on their race. It can exist in subtle

Introduction Affirmation policy, often known as affirmative action, refers to special measures taken by governments, institutions, or organizations to uplift socially and economically disadvantaged groups. These policies are designed to ensure equality by providing better opportunities in education, employment, and other sectors. While affirmation policies aim to correct historical injustices, they also invite debates regarding

Introduction Conflict is a natural part of human interaction and society. It occurs when individuals or groups have opposing interests, values, or goals. Understanding the sources of conflict helps in managing and resolving it effectively. Various theoretical perspectives explain why conflicts arise, each focusing on different aspects such as economics, psychology, politics, and culture. In

Introduction Participatory democracy is a concept in political science that emphasizes the direct involvement of citizens in the decision-making processes of governance. Unlike representative democracy, where elected officials make decisions on behalf of the people, participatory democracy encourages people to actively engage in policy discussions, planning, and the implementation of laws and policies. It is