Introduction
Conflict is a natural part of human interaction and society. It occurs when individuals or groups have opposing interests, values, or goals. Understanding the sources of conflict helps in managing and resolving it effectively. Various theoretical perspectives explain why conflicts arise, each focusing on different aspects such as economics, psychology, politics, and culture. In this answer, we will critically review major theories related to the sources of conflict.
1. Realist Perspective
The realist theory, mostly used in international relations, sees conflict as inevitable. According to realists, the world is an arena of power struggles where every nation or individual seeks to maximize their power and security. This theory suggests that conflict arises due to the absence of a global governing authority and the desire for survival and dominance.
Criticism: While it explains conflicts between states and power politics well, it often ignores internal conflicts, social issues, and cooperation. It presents a pessimistic view of human nature.
2. Marxist Perspective
Marxist theory views conflict as a result of economic inequality and class struggle. According to Karl Marx, societies are divided into two main classes – the bourgeoisie (owners of resources) and the proletariat (working class). Conflict arises when the oppressed demand their rights and try to change the system.
Criticism: While this theory highlights structural inequalities, it can be too focused on economics and may overlook cultural, ethnic, and religious causes of conflict.
3. Human Needs Theory
This theory argues that conflicts arise when basic human needs—such as identity, security, recognition, and participation—are denied or unmet. People are not likely to compromise on these fundamental needs, making such conflicts intense and prolonged.
Criticism: This theory gives importance to psychological and emotional aspects, which is valuable. However, it sometimes fails to explain large-scale or structural conflicts.
4. Social Identity Theory
Developed by Henri Tajfel, this theory suggests that people derive part of their identity from the groups they belong to (like religion, nationality, or ethnicity). Conflict arises when there is prejudice, discrimination, or perceived threat from other groups. It helps explain communal and ethnic violence.
Criticism: It is useful for understanding group-based conflicts but may not fully account for economic and political causes.
5. Relative Deprivation Theory
This theory proposes that conflict emerges when people feel they are unfairly deprived compared to others. It is not the actual poverty but the perceived inequality that causes anger and frustration, leading to protest or violence.
Criticism: It emphasizes perception and emotion, which are important, but critics say it doesn’t fully explain why some deprived groups remain peaceful.
6. Structural Theory
This theory believes that conflict arises due to the way societies are structured. Social, political, or legal systems may favor one group over another. Structural violence like discrimination, poor governance, and inequality can lead to long-term conflict.
Criticism: While it offers a broad understanding, it may overlook individual agency and the psychological aspects of conflict.
Conclusion
Each theoretical perspective gives valuable insights into the sources of conflict. No single theory can explain all types of conflicts. While realist and Marxist theories focus on power and economic inequality, human needs and social identity theories emphasize psychological and emotional factors. A comprehensive understanding of conflict requires combining these perspectives. By doing so, peacebuilders and policymakers can develop more effective strategies for preventing and resolving conflict.