Introduction The Chola dynasty, which ruled mainly in South India between the 9th and 13th centuries CE, is known for building a powerful and well-organized state. The Chola Empire is often considered a model of early Indian statecraft due to its effective administration, military strength, economic prosperity, and cultural achievements. In this article, we will […]
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Introduction The Kingdom of Malwa was one of the prominent regional powers in central India during the late medieval period. Located in present-day Madhya Pradesh, Malwa had a long history of political importance due to its strategic position and fertile land. The formation of the Malwa Sultanate in the 15th century marked a significant phase
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Introduction The Bahmani Kingdom (1347–1527 CE) was one of the most important medieval Islamic states in South India. It emerged as a breakaway state from the Delhi Sultanate under the leadership of Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah. The Bahmani kingdom ruled over a large part of the Deccan and played a key role in the political and
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Introduction The Delhi Sultanate period (1206–1526 CE) marked the beginning of centralized Muslim rule in northern India. Modern historians have studied this period in detail, especially focusing on how the state was formed, expanded, and maintained. Different historians have looked at this process through various lenses—political, economic, cultural, and administrative. In this article, we will
Introduction The study of early medieval Indian polity, covering roughly the period from 600 CE to 1200 CE, has generated significant academic debate. Historians have discussed whether this period marked political decline or the emergence of new forms of state and governance. The term “early medieval” itself has been debated, as has the nature of
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Introduction The political and social history of South India during the early historic and early medieval periods can be studied through two important sources: Puranic texts and epigraphic records. These sources provide valuable information about the nature of polities (kingdoms, chieftaincies, and states) and their social origins. In this article, we will examine how these
IGNOU MHI-02: Modern WorldAssignment 2025-26 – Answer Index Below is the complete list of questions from the IGNOU MHI-02 Tutor Marked Assignment for the academic session 2025-26, along with links to detailed answers. Click on each question to read the full response. Discuss the criticism of enlightenment by Nietzsche, Karl Marx, Marcuse and the Frankfurt
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Debate over Unipolarity Unipolarity refers to a global system where one country, usually a superpower, holds dominant influence in world politics. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the United States emerged as the world’s only superpower, leading to what is called a unipolar world. Supporters of unipolarity argue that it brings global
Introduction Demographic change refers to the shift in population size, structure, and distribution over time. These changes can include birth rates, death rates, life expectancy, migration, and population growth or decline. Understanding demographic changes is important because it affects the economy, society, and development of a country. Over time, scholars have developed several theories to
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Introduction The French Revolution (1789–1799) was one of the most important events in world history. It not only changed France but also influenced other countries. The revolution overthrew the monarchy, ended feudal privileges, and promoted equality, liberty, and fraternity. Most importantly, it gave rise to a new political culture that shaped the modern world. In
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