September 2025

Difference between positive punishment and negative punishment

Leave a Comment / MPCE-013 /

Difference Between Positive Punishment and Negative Punishment Positive punishment involves adding an unpleasant stimulus to reduce a behavior, like scolding a child for misbehavior. Negative punishment involves removing a pleasant stimulus, such as taking away a toy to reduce tantrums. Both aim to decrease undesirable behavior but use different methods—adding versus taking away stimuli.

Difference between positive punishment and negative punishment Read More »

Inferential distortions

Leave a Comment / MPCE-013 /

Inferential Distortions Inferential distortions are incorrect assumptions or conclusions that individuals make about themselves, others, or situations. These distortions are common in anxiety and depression. For example, assuming others dislike you without evidence. Such faulty interpretations can lead to emotional distress and are targeted in cognitive therapies for correction.

Inferential distortions Read More »

Cognitive analytic therapy

Leave a Comment / MPCE-013 /

Cognitive Analytic Therapy Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT) is a time-limited, integrative psychotherapy that combines ideas from cognitive and psychoanalytic approaches. It helps individuals recognize maladaptive thought and behavior patterns rooted in past experiences. CAT uses tools like diagrams and letters to promote self-understanding and change. It is commonly used for personality and mood disorders.

Cognitive analytic therapy Read More »

Psychosexual stages of development

Leave a Comment / MPCE-013 /

Psychosexual Stages of Development Freud’s psychosexual stages of development describe how personality develops through five stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Each stage is associated with a specific erogenous zone and conflict. Unresolved conflicts can lead to fixation. This theory emphasizes the role of early childhood experiences in shaping adult personality.

Psychosexual stages of development Read More »

Narrative therapy

Leave a Comment / MPCE-013 /

Narrative Therapy Narrative therapy is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on the stories people tell about their lives. It views individuals as separate from their problems and encourages them to re-author their life narratives in empowering ways. The therapist helps clients explore alternative stories that reflect their strengths and values.

Narrative therapy Read More »

Ego defense mechanisms

Leave a Comment / MPCE-013 /

Ego Defense Mechanisms Ego defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies used by individuals to protect themselves from anxiety or distressing thoughts. Examples include denial, repression, projection, and rationalization. These mechanisms help maintain emotional stability but may distort reality and hinder emotional growth if overused. They play a key role in psychodynamic theory.

Ego defense mechanisms Read More »

Explain group psychotherapy in terms of its settings and theoretical principles.

Leave a Comment / MPCE-013 /

Introduction Group psychotherapy is a form of therapy where multiple clients participate in sessions led by one or more trained therapists. It provides a supportive environment where individuals can share experiences, receive feedback, and develop coping skills. Group therapy is used for various psychological issues, including anxiety, depression, substance abuse, trauma, and social skills development.

Explain group psychotherapy in terms of its settings and theoretical principles. Read More »

Describe the different ways to integrate various counseling theories or psychotherapies.

Leave a Comment / MPCE-013 /

Introduction Integrative psychotherapy combines techniques and concepts from different therapeutic approaches to tailor treatment to the client’s specific needs. Rather than following a single theoretical framework, integration allows therapists to draw on a wide range of theories, models, and techniques to deliver more flexible and effective care. This approach is gaining popularity as it accommodates

Describe the different ways to integrate various counseling theories or psychotherapies. Read More »

Explain parent child interaction therapy (PCIT).

Leave a Comment / MPCE-013 /

Introduction Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is an evidence-based treatment designed for young children (ages 2–7) with emotional and behavioral problems, particularly oppositional behavior, defiance, and aggression. Developed by Sheila Eyberg, PCIT focuses on improving the quality of the parent-child relationship and teaching effective parenting techniques to promote positive behavior. Goals of PCIT Improve parent-child relationships

Explain parent child interaction therapy (PCIT). Read More »

Describe the techniques of interpersonal psychotherapy.

Leave a Comment / MPCE-013 /

Introduction Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) is a structured, time-limited therapy focused on improving interpersonal relationships and communication patterns to alleviate psychological distress, especially depression. It was developed in the 1970s by Gerald Klerman and Myrna Weissman. IPT is based on the idea that interpersonal issues contribute to mental health problems and resolving them leads to emotional

Describe the techniques of interpersonal psychotherapy. Read More »

Disabled !