September 2025

Stanford-Binet Scale

Stanford-Binet Scale The Stanford-Binet Scale is a standardized intelligence test used to measure cognitive abilities across age groups. It evaluates five factors: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory. Originally developed by Alfred Binet and revised at Stanford University, it is widely used for IQ testing and educational planning.

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Wisconsin Card Sort Test

Wisconsin Card Sort Test The Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) is a neuropsychological test that assesses executive functions such as abstract thinking, cognitive flexibility, and problem-solving. Participants sort cards based on changing rules of color, shape, or number. It is widely used to evaluate frontal lobe functioning, especially in patients with brain injuries or schizophrenia.

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Characteristics of abstract attitude

Characteristics of Abstract Attitude Abstract attitude refers to a cognitive style that involves thinking in symbolic, theoretical, or non-concrete terms. Its key characteristics include conceptual thinking, generalization, reasoning beyond immediate experience, use of metaphors or analogies, and preference for ideas over tangible objects. It is common in higher-order problem-solving, philosophy, and academic reasoning.

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APA ethical principles

APA Ethical Principles The American Psychological Association (APA) outlines five main ethical principles: (1) Beneficence and Nonmaleficence, (2) Fidelity and Responsibility, (3) Integrity, (4) Justice, and (5) Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity. These principles guide psychologists in maintaining professionalism, protecting clients’ rights, and ensuring ethical conduct in research, assessment, and therapy.

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Discuss the stages and steps in psychodiagnostics.

Introduction Psychodiagnostics is a structured process used in clinical psychology to assess and understand an individual’s psychological functioning. It involves multiple stages that guide the psychologist from identifying the client’s problems to forming a diagnosis and treatment plan. Each step is essential to ensure accurate assessment and ethical practice. Stages and Steps in Psychodiagnostics Psychodiagnostics

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Explain memory assessment. Discuss the tests of implicit and explicit memory.

Introduction Memory assessment is a crucial part of neuropsychological evaluation, as it helps understand an individual’s ability to encode, store, and retrieve information. Memory plays a vital role in daily functioning, learning, decision-making, and communication. Memory impairments are commonly seen in conditions such as dementia, brain injury, depression, and neurological disorders. Memory can be broadly

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Discuss the various models of psychological reports.

Introduction Psychological reports are formal documents prepared by psychologists to present the findings of assessments, evaluations, or interventions. These reports communicate important information about an individual’s psychological functioning to other professionals such as doctors, educators, or legal authorities. The structure and content of these reports can vary depending on the purpose, audience, and setting. Over

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Define and describe direct observation and self-monitoring.

Introduction Direct observation and self-monitoring are important methods in behavioral and clinical assessment. These approaches allow psychologists to understand behavior in real-time and natural settings, leading to more accurate analysis and intervention planning. While direct observation involves a trained observer, self-monitoring involves the individual assessing and recording their own behavior. Direct Observation Definition: Direct observation

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Describe the formats of self-report inventories.

Introduction Self-report inventories are psychological tools used to assess an individual’s thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors through direct responses to questionnaires. These are among the most common assessment methods due to their efficiency and direct access to the respondent’s internal world. The format of these inventories plays a crucial role in determining their usability, accuracy,

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