Antisocial Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a mental health condition characterized by a persistent disregard for the rights of others, violation of social norms, and lack of empathy or remorse. It typically begins in childhood or adolescence and continues into adulthood. Common features include repeated lying, impulsivity, irritability, aggression, criminal behavior, and failure […]
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Diagnostic Criteria of Paranoid Personality Disorder Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) is marked by pervasive distrust and suspicion of others. According to DSM-5, diagnosis requires the presence of at least four of the following symptoms, beginning by early adulthood: Suspects others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving them without sufficient basis Is preoccupied with doubts about loyalty
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Treatment of Histrionic Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) is characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior. Treatment primarily focuses on psychotherapy, as medications are only used to manage related symptoms like depression or anxiety. Psychotherapy: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is effective in helping individuals identify distorted thinking patterns and develop healthier coping mechanisms. Psychodynamic
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Hypochondriasis Hypochondriasis, now commonly referred to as Illness Anxiety Disorder in DSM-5, is a mental health condition where an individual is excessively worried about having a serious illness, despite having little or no medical evidence to support it. The person may frequently visit doctors, seek reassurance, and misinterpret normal body sensations as signs of severe
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD), also known as Heller’s syndrome, is a rare condition characterized by late-onset developmental delays in language, social function, and motor skills. It typically affects children after 2–4 years of normal development. Unlike autism, where symptoms appear earlier, CDD is marked by significant regression in multiple areas such as
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Introduction Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood, energy, and activity levels. These mood episodes include manic/hypomanic phases and depressive episodes. The condition affects a person’s ability to carry out day-to-day tasks and can significantly impair social and occupational functioning. It was formerly known as manic-depressive illness. Types of Bipolar
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Introduction Dissociative disorders are a group of mental health conditions that involve disruptions or breakdowns in memory, consciousness, identity, or perception. These disorders serve as coping mechanisms to deal with trauma or stress by causing a detachment from reality. Common types include Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), Dissociative Amnesia, and Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder. Understanding the etiology of
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Introduction Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition marked by the presence of obsessions (intrusive, unwanted thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety). OCD can cause significant distress and interfere with daily functioning. Both biological and psychological factors contribute to the development and maintenance of OCD. Biological Factors 1.
Introduction Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks—sudden episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms such as chest pain, heart palpitations, dizziness, or shortness of breath. Individuals with panic disorder often live in fear of having another attack and may avoid places or situations where previous attacks occurred, leading
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Introduction Parental deprivation, separation, and parenting styles play a significant role in the psychological development of children. The early environment, especially the relationship with primary caregivers, shapes emotional, social, and cognitive growth. Disruptions in this relationship, or maladaptive parenting, can contribute to the development of various forms of psychopathology, including anxiety, depression, personality disorders, and
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