September 2025

Explain the comparative method. Discuss its scope in social science research.

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Introduction The comparative method is a fundamental approach in social science research used to identify similarities and differences between social phenomena across different societies, cultures, time periods, or groups. It is based on the premise that by comparing various social contexts, researchers can understand the patterns, causes, and effects of social behavior. The method helps […]

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What is positivism? Discuss Giddens’s critique of positivism.

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Introduction Positivism is a philosophical and methodological approach that emphasizes the use of scientific methods to study social phenomena. Originating from the natural sciences, positivism believes that knowledge should be derived from observable and measurable facts, rather than subjective interpretations. In social science, positivism advocates for value-neutral, objective, and quantifiable research methods. However, this approach

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What is phenomenology? Explain with reference to the contribution of Martin Heidegger to understand phenomenology.

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Introduction Phenomenology is a philosophical approach and research methodology that seeks to explore and understand human experience from the first-person point of view. It was developed in the early 20th century as a response to the dominant scientific and positivist paradigms. Phenomenology emphasizes the lived experiences of individuals and how they perceive, interpret, and make

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MPA-018: Disaster Management – Solved Assignment Answers (July 2024 – January 2025)

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MPA-018: Disaster ManagementAssignment Answers (July 2024 – January 2025) Below are the complete solved answers for all questions from the IGNOU MPA-018 assignment. Click on the question titles to read each detailed response: Define disaster and give an overview of natural disasters in India. Discuss the need of Community Based Disaster Management. Write a note

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Analyse the relationship between disasters and development.

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Introduction The relationship between disasters and development is complex and deeply interconnected. While disasters can severely disrupt development progress, poor or unplanned development can also increase the risk and impact of disasters. Recognizing this two-way relationship is essential for creating sustainable and resilient communities. In this answer, we analyze how disasters affect development and how

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Define the rationale of ‘First Response’ and discuss the role of people as First Responders.

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Introduction In the aftermath of any disaster, the immediate actions taken in the first few minutes or hours are crucial in saving lives and reducing injuries. This initial action is known as the “First Response.” It includes activities such as search and rescue, first aid, evacuation, and alerting emergency services. Often, before official help arrives,

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Highlight the major trends in disaster management.

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Introduction Disaster management has evolved significantly over the past few decades. With the increasing frequency and intensity of disasters due to climate change, urbanization, and population growth, the approach to managing disasters has shifted from a reactive to a proactive and integrated model. Understanding current trends in disaster management helps improve preparedness, resilience, and recovery.

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Discuss the guiding principles for shelter provisions.

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Introduction One of the immediate needs after any disaster is providing safe and adequate shelter to the affected population. Shelter not only protects people from further harm but also restores a sense of dignity and security. The process of shelter provision is not just about building structures; it involves understanding the social, cultural, and economic

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Highlight the various stages in a disaster management cycle.

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Introduction The Disaster Management Cycle represents the sequence of steps taken before, during, and after a disaster to minimize its impact and ensure a swift recovery. It is a continuous process aimed at preparing for emergencies, responding to them effectively, and building resilience for the future. Understanding the stages of the disaster management cycle is

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