Introduction The immune system is made up of a variety of cells with specialized roles in defense against infections and maintaining tolerance to the body’s own cells. Natural Killer (NK) cells and Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are two types of lymphocytes involved in immune responses. B-cell tolerance, on the other hand, is a mechanism […]
a) Compare NK and NKT cells. b) Describe mechanism of B-cell tolerance Read More »
Introduction The immune system uses antigen presentation and T-cell selection processes to detect harmful invaders and develop immune memory. Two important concepts in immunology are the endogenous pathway of antigen presentation and positive T-cell selection. Let’s understand both of these in simple and clear terms. a) Endogenous Pathway of Antigen Presentation What is It? The
Introduction B-cells, or B lymphocytes, are a crucial part of the adaptive immune system. They are responsible for producing antibodies that help the body fight infections. B-cell development is a complex process that occurs primarily in the bone marrow and involves several stages. In this answer, we will explain the stages of B-cell development in
Explain B- cell development with a schematic representation. Read More »
Introduction The Tonegawa and Hozumi experiment is a landmark discovery in molecular immunology. It helped scientists understand how our body can produce millions of different antibodies using a limited number of genes. This experiment led to the “two-gene model” for antibody diversity. In this answer, we will explain the Tonegawa and Hozumi experiment in a
Enumerate Tonegawa and Hozumi Experiment of Two gene model. Read More »
Introduction Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are proteins produced by B-cells that help defend the body against pathogens. These antibodies can be classified based on different characteristics and functions. In this answer, we will differentiate between: a) Isotype and Allotype Determinants b) Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and Immunoglobulin E (IgE) We will explain these differences in simple and easy-to-understand
Introduction The complement system is a vital part of the immune system that helps defend the body against infections. It consists of a group of proteins present in the blood in an inactive form. When activated, these proteins trigger a chain reaction known as complement activation. This process enhances the ability of antibodies and immune
What are the biological consequences of complement activation. Read More »
Introduction The immune system protects the body from infections and diseases. It consists of two main branches: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the body’s first line of defense and works quickly. One part of innate immunity involves anatomical and physiological barriers. Antigens, on the other hand, are foreign substances that trigger an
Introduction The immune system is responsible for defending the body against infections and diseases. It consists of various cells, tissues, and organs that work together. Among these, lymphoid organs play a central role in the development and functioning of immune responses. In adult humans, lymphoid organs are broadly classified into primary (central) and secondary (peripheral)
Give an overview of primary and secondary lymphoid organ in adult man. Read More »
Assignment Overview This post provides complete answer links for the BBCCT-125: Molecules of Life assignment for the year 2025. All answers have been written in easy-to-understand language to help IGNOU students prepare and submit their assignments with confidence. Answer Links Define Recombinant DNA Technology and describe the steps involved in its process. What is the
BBCCT-125 Assignment Answer Links – Molecules of Life (2025) Read More »
Introduction Recombinant DNA technology has had a significant impact on agriculture by enabling the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that are more productive, resistant to pests and diseases, and tolerant to environmental stresses. However, the use of GMOs also raises concerns about environmental effects and ethical issues. In this answer, we will explore both
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