September 2025

State the difference between the following terms: (i) Recommended dietary allowance and adequate intake. (ii) Basal and resting metabolism

Leave a Comment / Nutritional Biochemistry /

Introduction Understanding nutritional terminology is essential for maintaining a healthy lifestyle and making informed dietary choices. Two sets of terms often used in nutrition science include Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) vs Adequate Intake (AI) and Basal Metabolism vs Resting Metabolism. Though they may sound similar, each term carries distinct meanings. Let’s explore these differences in […]

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BBCCT-127 Immunology Assignment 2025 – All Questions Answered

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Introduction This master post provides quick access to all the answers for the BBCCT-127: Immunology Assignment 2025 as per IGNOU guidelines. Each question has been answered in simple, easy-to-understand language for students at all levels. Assignment Details Course Code: BBCCT-127 Course Title: Immunology Assignment Code: BBCCT-127/TMA/2025 Maximum Marks: 100 Links to All Answers 1. Give

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Give an overview of Type IV hypersensitivity.

Leave a Comment / Immunology /

Introduction The immune system is designed to protect the body from harmful invaders, but sometimes it overreacts to harmless substances or causes tissue damage while trying to defend the body. These overreactions are known as hypersensitivity reactions. Type IV hypersensitivity, also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), is a special kind of immune reaction that occurs

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Differentiate between the following: i) Autograft and Xenograft ii) Recombinant vaccines and Whole organism as vaccines

Leave a Comment / Immunology /

Introduction Transplantation and vaccination are important areas in immunology and medicine. Understanding the differences between types of grafts and types of vaccines helps in appreciating how the immune system interacts with foreign tissues and how it can be trained to prevent diseases. This answer explains the differences between: i) Autograft and Xenograft ii) Recombinant Vaccines

Differentiate between the following: i) Autograft and Xenograft ii) Recombinant vaccines and Whole organism as vaccines Read More »

a) Compare NK and NKT cells. b) Describe mechanism of B-cell tolerance

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Introduction The immune system is made up of a variety of cells with specialized roles in defense against infections and maintaining tolerance to the body’s own cells. Natural Killer (NK) cells and Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are two types of lymphocytes involved in immune responses. B-cell tolerance, on the other hand, is a mechanism

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Write short note on the following: a) Endogenous pathway of antigen presentation b) Positive T-cell Selection

Leave a Comment / Immunology /

Introduction The immune system uses antigen presentation and T-cell selection processes to detect harmful invaders and develop immune memory. Two important concepts in immunology are the endogenous pathway of antigen presentation and positive T-cell selection. Let’s understand both of these in simple and clear terms. a) Endogenous Pathway of Antigen Presentation What is It? The

Write short note on the following: a) Endogenous pathway of antigen presentation b) Positive T-cell Selection Read More »

Explain B- cell development with a schematic representation.

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Introduction B-cells, or B lymphocytes, are a crucial part of the adaptive immune system. They are responsible for producing antibodies that help the body fight infections. B-cell development is a complex process that occurs primarily in the bone marrow and involves several stages. In this answer, we will explain the stages of B-cell development in

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Enumerate Tonegawa and Hozumi Experiment of Two gene model.

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Introduction The Tonegawa and Hozumi experiment is a landmark discovery in molecular immunology. It helped scientists understand how our body can produce millions of different antibodies using a limited number of genes. This experiment led to the “two-gene model” for antibody diversity. In this answer, we will explain the Tonegawa and Hozumi experiment in a

Enumerate Tonegawa and Hozumi Experiment of Two gene model. Read More »

Differentiate between: a) Isotype and Allotype Determinants b) Immunoglobulin A and Immunoglobulin E

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Introduction Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are proteins produced by B-cells that help defend the body against pathogens. These antibodies can be classified based on different characteristics and functions. In this answer, we will differentiate between: a) Isotype and Allotype Determinants b) Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and Immunoglobulin E (IgE) We will explain these differences in simple and easy-to-understand

Differentiate between: a) Isotype and Allotype Determinants b) Immunoglobulin A and Immunoglobulin E Read More »

What are the biological consequences of complement activation.

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Introduction The complement system is a vital part of the immune system that helps defend the body against infections. It consists of a group of proteins present in the blood in an inactive form. When activated, these proteins trigger a chain reaction known as complement activation. This process enhances the ability of antibodies and immune

What are the biological consequences of complement activation. Read More »

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