September 2025

Examine the nature and character of urbanization in north India during Gupta period.

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Introduction The Gupta period (approximately 4th to 6th century CE) is often referred to as the “Golden Age” of ancient India due to its significant achievements in art, science, literature, and governance. This era also saw important developments in the urban landscape of north India. Urbanization during this time reflected both continuity from earlier periods […]

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Discuss the characteristics of Early Historic urban centres of south India.

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Introduction Early Historic urban centres of South India, which flourished between 3rd century BCE and 3rd century CE, mark an important phase in the region’s history. These towns were closely connected to trade, religion, and administration. They grew around rivers, coastal areas, and important trade routes, becoming vibrant centers of life and culture. In this

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Write a note on the urban planning in the Harappan cities

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Introduction The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, is one of the oldest urban civilizations in the world. It existed around 2500 BCE in parts of present-day India and Pakistan. The cities of Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Dholavira, and others were highly advanced and are known for their excellent urban planning. In this post,

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What are the different approaches to study the medieval towns?

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Introduction Medieval towns in India are a fascinating subject of study for historians and urban researchers. These towns were not just places of residence but also centers of political power, economic activity, religious life, and cultural exchange. Understanding medieval towns requires a variety of perspectives, and over the years, scholars have developed multiple approaches to

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MHI-09 Assignment Answers 2025-26 – Complete List with Links

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Introduction This post provides a complete list of solved answers for the IGNOU MHI-09 assignment for the session 2025-26. Each answer is written in simple, student-friendly language to help learners understand important concepts related to the Indian National Movement. Click on the titles below to view the full answer. IGNOU MHI-09: Indian National Movement –

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Explain the factors responsible for the failure of the congress to contain the Muslim league and its brand of communal politics.

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Introduction The Indian National Congress and the Muslim League were two of the most important political organizations during India’s freedom struggle. While the Congress aimed for a united and secular India, the Muslim League increasingly pushed for a separate Muslim nation, eventually leading to the creation of Pakistan in 1947. The failure of Congress to

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Discuss the manner in which the nationalist leadership tried to integrate the Dalits and minorities within the mainstream of the national movement.

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Introduction The Indian national movement aimed to unite all Indians against British rule. But Indian society was divided by religion, caste, language, and region. Among the most marginalized were the Dalits (formerly called ‘untouchables’) and religious minorities. Nationalist leaders understood that independence could not be achieved without the participation of all communities. In this post,

Discuss the manner in which the nationalist leadership tried to integrate the Dalits and minorities within the mainstream of the national movement. Read More »

What was the role of women in revolutionary movement in India?

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Introduction The participation of women in India’s revolutionary movement is a remarkable and often underrepresented aspect of the freedom struggle. While Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violent campaigns involved mass participation of women, many brave women also joined the revolutionary movement—which involved secret organizations, armed resistance, and underground work against British colonial rule. In this post, we will

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Discuss the response of the workers to the Civil Disobedience Movements and Quit India Movements.

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Introduction Indian workers played a significant role in the freedom struggle, especially during the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34) and the Quit India Movement (1942). Their participation added strength to the nationalist cause and showed that the fight for independence was not limited to educated elites or politicians. In this post, we will explore how industrial

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Discuss the political situations in the country in the wake of the ‘Direct Action’ call given by Jinnah and the Muslim league.

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Introduction The ‘Direct Action Day’, declared by Mohammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League on 16 August 1946, was a crucial turning point in the Indian freedom struggle. It aimed to pressurize the British and the Indian National Congress into accepting the demand for a separate Muslim nation—Pakistan. This event led to widespread communal violence

Discuss the political situations in the country in the wake of the ‘Direct Action’ call given by Jinnah and the Muslim league. Read More »

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