September 2025

Indian Peace Movements’ achievements and limitations

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Introduction India has a rich history of peace movements rooted in non-violence, resistance to injustice, and promotion of social harmony. From the independence struggle led by Mahatma Gandhi to contemporary anti-nuclear, anti-war, and communal harmony movements, Indian peace initiatives have significantly contributed to shaping political and civil discourse. However, they have also faced structural, political, […]

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International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL)

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Introduction The International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) is a landmark global civil society movement that has played a pivotal role in advocating for the prohibition of anti-personnel landmines. Established in 1992, the ICBL is a network of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in over 100 countries to eliminate landmines and promote victim assistance, mine clearance,

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What is culture of Peace? Trace its evolution as a concept and highlights its merits.

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Introduction The concept of a “Culture of Peace” has emerged as a transformative idea aimed at promoting non-violence, dialogue, tolerance, and respect for human rights. It represents a shift from traditional notions of peace as merely the absence of war, to a broader vision of positive peace that is built through education, justice, equality, and

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Write a note on the role and relevance of NGOs with suitable examples.

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Introduction Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have emerged as significant actors in contemporary governance, development, and advocacy. Operating independently of the government, NGOs fill crucial gaps in service delivery, promote human rights, influence policy-making, and empower marginalized communities. Their role is especially relevant in countries facing governance challenges, inequality, and rapid globalization. This essay explores the role

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“The globalization process is drastically changing the equation between Market, State and Civil Society.’ Explain.

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Introduction Globalization, marked by the increasing interconnectedness of economies, societies, and cultures, has brought about profound transformations in the relationship between the Market, the State, and Civil Society. As transnational corporations and financial institutions gain power, state authority is being reshaped, and civil society is evolving in response. The equation that once clearly distinguished these

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Swaraj for Gandhi is self-reliance and self-government. Explain.

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Introduction The concept of Swaraj is central to Mahatma Gandhi’s political philosophy and vision for India. Unlike conventional definitions of political independence, Gandhi’s Swaraj goes beyond mere freedom from colonial rule. For him, Swaraj was a comprehensive ideal encompassing political self-rule, economic self-reliance, social justice, and moral development. In this framework, Swaraj is synonymous with

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Describe the classical notion of civil society and its limitations as a functional institution in modern polity.

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Introduction The concept of civil society has been central to political thought since ancient times. Classical thinkers envisioned civil society as an organized community governed by laws and united by shared values, distinct from the state. Over time, this notion has evolved, particularly in response to changing political and economic contexts. While the classical understanding

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MGPE-012 Women and Peace – Solved Assignment Answers 2024-25

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MGPE-012: Women and Peace – Assignment Answer Index (2024-25) Below are the links to the complete solved answers for the MGPE-012 assignment for the academic year 2024-25. Each question has been answered in detail, following IGNOU guidelines. Discuss the merits and limitations of the theory of development enunciated by Western thinkers like W.W. Rostow and

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Anti-Dowry Agitation

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Introduction Dowry, a deeply entrenched social practice in South Asia, particularly in India, has led to widespread violence, discrimination, and even deaths of women. Over the decades, anti-dowry agitation has emerged as a powerful movement to resist this injustice and transform societal norms. It involves organized efforts by women’s groups, civil society, and legal reformers

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Eco-feminism

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Introduction Eco-feminism is a philosophical and political movement that explores the connection between the exploitation of nature and the oppression of women. Emerging in the 1970s as a fusion of feminist and environmental thought, eco-feminism critiques how patriarchal systems dominate both women and the environment. It argues that the same mindset that justifies control over

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