2025

(i) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) Introduction The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948. It is a landmark document that establishes fundamental human rights and freedoms for all people, regardless of nationality, race, gender, or religion. A. Key Features of the […]

(i) Trace the Origin and Evolution of Peace Movements Introduction Peace movements are organized efforts aimed at promoting nonviolence, diplomacy, and disarmament to prevent wars and conflicts. These movements have evolved from religious and philosophical teachings to modern global campaigns against war, nuclear weapons, and social injustices. A. Early Origins of Peace Movements B. Evolution

(i) Grameen Bank: Working Towards Eradicating Poverty and Hunger Introduction The Grameen Bank, founded by Dr. Muhammad Yunus in Bangladesh (1983), is a microfinance institution that provides small loans to the poor, especially women, without requiring collateral. It aims to eradicate poverty and promote self-reliance through microcredit and social entrepreneurship. A. Key Features of the

(i) International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) Introduction The International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) is a global movement that seeks to eliminate the use of landmines, which cause long-term harm to civilians, disrupt communities, and hinder economic development. Established in 1992, the ICBL played a significant role in the adoption of the Ottawa Treaty

Introduction The concept of Cultural Peace refers to a society that promotes tolerance, understanding, and harmony among different cultures, religions, and ethnic groups. It focuses on peacebuilding through education, dialogue, and cultural exchanges, rather than military or political solutions. Cultural peace has evolved over centuries, influenced by philosophers, religious teachings, and modern peace movements. It

Introduction Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a crucial role in modern society by addressing social, economic, environmental, and political issues. They work independently of the government and often fill gaps in public services, human rights advocacy, and disaster relief. NGOs are significant because they promote grassroots democracy, empower marginalized communities, and provide humanitarian assistance. Their role

Introduction Globalization is the integration of economies, cultures, and societies through trade, communication, and technology. It has reshaped the relationship between the market (private sector), the state (government), and civil society (NGOs, activists, and communities). While globalization has boosted economic growth and interconnectedness, it has also weakened state control, empowered corporations, and created challenges for

Introduction Mahatma Gandhi’s concept of Swaraj goes beyond political independence; it embodies self-reliance, self-discipline, and self-governance at the individual, community, and national levels. For Gandhi, Swaraj meant that true freedom is not just liberation from colonial rule but also economic, social, and moral self-sufficiency. His idea of Swaraj was deeply connected with Satyagraha (truth-force), Ahimsa

Introduction The classical notion of civil society originates from Greek, Roman, and Enlightenment political thought, where it was considered an intermediary space between the state and individuals. Thinkers like Aristotle, Hobbes, Locke, Hegel, and Marx contributed to its evolution. Civil society was traditionally viewed as a self-regulating social structure that upheld order, morality, and economic

(i) National Food Security Act (NFSA, 2013) Introduction The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, also known as the Right to Food Act, aims to provide subsidized food grains to the poor and ensure food security for all citizens of India. It is one of the world’s largest social welfare programs, benefiting over 67% of