2025

Introduction The Green Revolution in India was a period of agricultural transformation that began in the 1960s, aimed at increasing food production through the use of high-yield variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and improved irrigation techniques. Led by scientists like M.S. Swaminathan and supported by the government, the Green Revolution significantly increased agricultural productivity […]

Introduction India follows a quasi-federal system, where power is distributed between the Union (Central Government) and the States. However, over time, various Constitutional Amendments have reshaped this relationship, altering the balance of power. Some amendments have strengthened the Union government’s role, while others have given states more autonomy. The evolution of Union-State relations has been

Introduction India is a diverse country with significant regional disparities in economic, social, and infrastructural development. These disparities exist between different states, rural and urban areas, and even within districts. Regional imbalances have been a persistent issue since independence and have influenced policy-making, politics, and social stability. The causes of these disparities are multifaceted, ranging

Introduction The Naxalite movement in India is one of the longest-running insurgencies in the country. It originated in the late 1960s as a radical left-wing movement inspired by Maoist ideology. The movement primarily seeks to address issues related to land reforms, economic disparity, and the oppression of marginalized communities, particularly tribals and landless laborers. Over

Politics of Water Disputes Among Indian States and Their Impact Introduction Water disputes in India have been a longstanding issue due to the country’s federal structure, where rivers often flow through multiple states. The unequal distribution of water resources, growing demand, and political interests have resulted in frequent conflicts among states. These disputes significantly impact

(a) Chipko Movement & Appiko Movement Introduction The Chipko Movement (1973) and Appiko Movement (1983) are two of India’s most significant environmental movements, aimed at protecting forests and preserving ecological balance. Both movements were based on non-violent resistance and community participation, led primarily by tribal and rural communities dependent on forests for their livelihoods. 1.

(a) Fisher Folk of Kerala Introduction The fisher folk of Kerala are an integral part of the state’s coastal economy and culture, contributing significantly to marine fisheries and traditional livelihoods. However, they face multiple socio-economic challenges due to climate change, declining fish stocks, and competition from mechanized trawlers. 1. Economic and Social Importance 2. Challenges

(a) Human Development Index (HDI) Introduction The Human Development Index (HDI) is a global measure used to assess a country’s overall development by evaluating three key dimensions: health, education, and standard of living. It was introduced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1990 as part of the Human Development Report (HDR) to shift

(a) Bodos of Assam and Their Struggle for Autonomy Introduction The Bodos, one of the largest indigenous tribes in Assam, have long fought for autonomy and self-governance. Their movement is rooted in ethnic identity, political representation, and economic marginalization. The struggle has taken different forms, from peaceful protests to armed insurgency, resulting in the creation