2025

(i) International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) Introduction The International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) is a global movement that seeks to eliminate the use of landmines, which cause long-term harm to civilians, disrupt communities, and hinder economic development. Established in 1992, the ICBL played a significant role in the adoption of the Ottawa Treaty […]

Introduction The concept of Cultural Peace refers to a society that promotes tolerance, understanding, and harmony among different cultures, religions, and ethnic groups. It focuses on peacebuilding through education, dialogue, and cultural exchanges, rather than military or political solutions. Cultural peace has evolved over centuries, influenced by philosophers, religious teachings, and modern peace movements. It

Introduction Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a crucial role in modern society by addressing social, economic, environmental, and political issues. They work independently of the government and often fill gaps in public services, human rights advocacy, and disaster relief. NGOs are significant because they promote grassroots democracy, empower marginalized communities, and provide humanitarian assistance. Their role

Introduction Globalization is the integration of economies, cultures, and societies through trade, communication, and technology. It has reshaped the relationship between the market (private sector), the state (government), and civil society (NGOs, activists, and communities). While globalization has boosted economic growth and interconnectedness, it has also weakened state control, empowered corporations, and created challenges for

Introduction Mahatma Gandhi’s concept of Swaraj goes beyond political independence; it embodies self-reliance, self-discipline, and self-governance at the individual, community, and national levels. For Gandhi, Swaraj meant that true freedom is not just liberation from colonial rule but also economic, social, and moral self-sufficiency. His idea of Swaraj was deeply connected with Satyagraha (truth-force), Ahimsa

Introduction The classical notion of civil society originates from Greek, Roman, and Enlightenment political thought, where it was considered an intermediary space between the state and individuals. Thinkers like Aristotle, Hobbes, Locke, Hegel, and Marx contributed to its evolution. Civil society was traditionally viewed as a self-regulating social structure that upheld order, morality, and economic

(i) National Food Security Act (NFSA, 2013) Introduction The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, also known as the Right to Food Act, aims to provide subsidized food grains to the poor and ensure food security for all citizens of India. It is one of the world’s largest social welfare programs, benefiting over 67% of

(i) Human Trafficking, Gender, and Environmental Issues Introduction Human trafficking is a global crime that exploits men, women, and children for forced labor, sexual slavery, and illegal trade. It is deeply linked to gender inequality and environmental crises, as marginalized communities are most vulnerable. A. Human Trafficking and Gender Discrimination B. Link Between Human Trafficking

(i) Gandhian Vision of Human Security at the Global Level Introduction Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of human security was based on nonviolence (Ahimsa), self-reliance (Swaraj), and justice (Sarvodaya). Unlike modern security concepts, which focus on military strength and state power, Gandhi’s approach emphasized peace, economic equality, human dignity, and environmental sustainability at the global level. A.

(i) Marginalization of Women in India Introduction Marginalization of women refers to the exclusion and discrimination faced by women in social, economic, and political spheres. Despite legal protections and progress in gender equality, women in India continue to face inequality in education, employment, health, and political representation. Marginalization affects women from marginalized castes, rural areas,