Introduction Grasslands are vast ecosystems dominated by grasses rather than large trees and have played a crucial role in human civilization, agriculture, and biodiversity conservation. These ecosystems are found across the world, including prairies in North America, steppes in Eurasia, pampas in South America, and savannas in Africa and India. The history of grasslands is […]
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Introduction The monsoon is one of the most significant climatic phenomena affecting the Indian subcontinent. It plays a crucial role in shaping the region’s agriculture, economy, biodiversity, and cultural traditions. The monsoon is a seasonal wind system that brings heavy rainfall during the summer months (June-September) and influences temperature, water availability, and crop production. The
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Introduction Environmental history is an interdisciplinary field that examines the relationship between humans and the natural world over time. Unlike traditional history, which focuses on political events and human achievements, environmental history incorporates scientific, social, and ecological perspectives to study how human actions have shaped the environment and how natural changes have influenced societies. The
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Socio-Religious and Intellectual Ferment Leading to the Rise of Buddhism and Jainism The emergence of Buddhism and Jainism in the 6th century BCE was a result of significant socio-religious and intellectual transformations in ancient India. This period witnessed major changes in economic structures, political developments, and religious beliefs, leading to widespread dissatisfaction with existing traditions,
(i) The Relationship Between State and Civil Society Introduction The state and civil society are two essential components of modern governance. The state is responsible for law enforcement, administration, and policymaking, while civil society includes NGOs, social movements, media, and voluntary organizations that influence public policy and advocate for citizens’ rights. The relationship between the
(i) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) Introduction The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948. It is a landmark document that establishes fundamental human rights and freedoms for all people, regardless of nationality, race, gender, or religion. A. Key Features of the
a) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) b) Panchayati Raj Institutions Read More »
(i) Trace the Origin and Evolution of Peace Movements Introduction Peace movements are organized efforts aimed at promoting nonviolence, diplomacy, and disarmament to prevent wars and conflicts. These movements have evolved from religious and philosophical teachings to modern global campaigns against war, nuclear weapons, and social injustices. A. Early Origins of Peace Movements B. Evolution
(i) Grameen Bank: Working Towards Eradicating Poverty and Hunger Introduction The Grameen Bank, founded by Dr. Muhammad Yunus in Bangladesh (1983), is a microfinance institution that provides small loans to the poor, especially women, without requiring collateral. It aims to eradicate poverty and promote self-reliance through microcredit and social entrepreneurship. A. Key Features of the
(i) International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) Introduction The International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) is a global movement that seeks to eliminate the use of landmines, which cause long-term harm to civilians, disrupt communities, and hinder economic development. Established in 1992, the ICBL played a significant role in the adoption of the Ottawa Treaty
Introduction The concept of Cultural Peace refers to a society that promotes tolerance, understanding, and harmony among different cultures, religions, and ethnic groups. It focuses on peacebuilding through education, dialogue, and cultural exchanges, rather than military or political solutions. Cultural peace has evolved over centuries, influenced by philosophers, religious teachings, and modern peace movements. It
What is Cultural Peace? Trace Its Evolution as a Concept and Highlight Its Merits. Read More »
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