2025

Introduction Canada follows a federal system, where power is divided between the federal government and the provinces and territories. Unlike a unitary system where the central government holds most of the power, federalism in Canada allows provinces significant autonomy in governance. However, over the years, tensions have arisen due to decentralization, where provinces and territories […]

Introduction Canada has historically positioned itself as a middle power in global affairs, adopting a liberal internationalist approach to diplomacy and foreign policy. This approach emphasizes multilateralism, peacekeeping, human rights advocacy, free trade, and environmental cooperation. As a middle power, Canada plays a significant but non-dominant role in shaping international relations, balancing between major global

Introduction Multiculturalism is a defining feature of Canada’s national identity. The country has long embraced diversity, with policies that recognize and promote cultural, ethnic, and linguistic pluralism. Canada’s multiculturalism policy, officially adopted in 1971, was the first of its kind in the world and remains a cornerstone of the country’s social and political fabric. Multiculturalism

Introduction Canada has a complex history of interactions with Indigenous peoples, including First Nations, Inuit, and Métis communities. Historically, Indigenous governance structures were undermined by colonization, and Indigenous peoples were subjected to policies like the Indian Act (1876), which centralized federal control over their affairs. Over time, Indigenous activism and international human rights norms have

10. a) Pattern of Industrialization in Indian States Introduction Industrialization in India has followed an uneven and regionally diverse pattern due to historical, geographical, and policy factors. While some states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka have emerged as industrial powerhouses, others like Bihar, Jharkhand, and Odisha lag behind due to inadequate infrastructure and

a) Dalit Panther Movement Introduction The Dalit Panther Movement was a radical Dalit rights movement that emerged in Maharashtra in 1972. Inspired by the Black Panther Movement in the USA, it aimed to fight caste oppression, untouchability, and social injustice against Dalits. The movement became a significant force in the 1970s, advocating for Dalit dignity,

a) The Impact of the Zamindari Abolition on the Agrarian Structure Introduction The Zamindari Abolition Acts were introduced after India’s independence to eliminate the feudal land tenure system and redistribute land among peasants. The abolition of the Zamindari system was a major land reform aimed at reducing landlord dominance and empowering farmers. However, while it

7. a) Electoral Reforms Introduction Electoral reforms in India are necessary to ensure free, fair, and transparent elections. India, being the world’s largest democracy, has faced several challenges, such as money power, criminalization of politics, voter fraud, and electoral malpractices. Over the years, various electoral reforms have been introduced to strengthen the democratic process and

6. a) Decline of the Congress System Introduction The Congress Party dominated Indian politics from 1947 to the late 1960s, a period known as the “Congress System”, coined by Rajni Kothari. However, after its peak in the 1950s and early 1960s, the party began to decline due to internal conflicts, regional aspirations, economic issues, and

Introduction The Green Revolution in India was a period of agricultural transformation that began in the 1960s, aimed at increasing food production through the use of high-yield variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and improved irrigation techniques. Led by scientists like M.S. Swaminathan and supported by the government, the Green Revolution significantly increased agricultural productivity