2025

Introduction The political mobilization of Dalits in India has been a crucial part of the country’s democratic evolution, as Dalits have historically faced social exclusion, economic deprivation, and political marginalization. Over the years, various social and political movements have emerged to empower Dalits and challenge the caste hierarchy. One of the most significant political movements […]

(a) The International Criminal Court (ICC) Introduction The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a permanent, independent judicial institution that prosecutes individuals for war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, and crimes of aggression. Established by the Rome Statute in 1998, the ICC plays a crucial role in ensuring that those responsible for serious crimes do not

Introduction Regional organizations play a crucial role in preventing conflicts and resolving disputes through diplomacy, peacekeeping missions, and economic cooperation. These organizations focus on maintaining regional stability, fostering economic partnerships, and ensuring peaceful coexistence among member states. Some of the most prominent regional organizations involved in conflict prevention and resolution include: While these organizations have

(a) INF Treaty as an Arms Control Measure Introduction The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty was a landmark arms control agreement signed between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1987 to reduce the risk of nuclear war. It specifically targeted intermediate-range and short-range ballistic and cruise missiles to enhance global security. This short

Introduction Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs) are diplomatic tools used to reduce tensions, prevent conflicts, and promote trust between nations. CBMs are particularly important in regions with historical rivalries and security threats, such as Asia and Europe. While both regions have adopted CBMs to strengthen peace and security, their approaches differ significantly due to historical, political, and

Introduction The terms arms control and disarmament are often used interchangeably, but they have different meanings and objectives in the field of international security and peacekeeping. Both aim to reduce the risks of war and military conflict, but they do so in different ways. Understanding the differences between arms control and disarmament is crucial in

(a) Waltz Analysis of the Causes of War Introduction Kenneth Waltz, a prominent realist scholar in international relations, analyzed the causes of war in his influential book “Man, the State, and War” (1959). He categorized the causes of war into three levels of analysis, also known as the “three images of war”. Waltz’s approach provides

Introduction Insurgency refers to an armed rebellion or uprising against an established government or foreign occupation, often involving guerrilla warfare, terrorism, and political resistance. Insurgents typically seek to overthrow a government, gain independence, or change policies through violent or non-violent means. Throughout history, insurgencies have occurred in different parts of the world, including Latin America,

Introduction The state plays a central role in management of conflicts within its borders by ensuring peace, stability, and security. Conflicts can arise from ethnic, religious, political, economic, or territorial disputes, and the state has the responsibility to prevent, control, and resolve these conflicts through governance, law enforcement, and diplomacy. However, the effectiveness of a

Write Short Notes on the Following in About 600 Words Each (a) Direct and Structural Violence Introduction Violence is often thought of as physical harm caused by war or crime. However, peace and conflict studies differentiate between direct violence and structural violence. Johan Galtung, a Norwegian peace scholar, introduced the concept of structural violence, highlighting