Introduction Variables are central to any research study as they represent the characteristics or attributes that researchers measure, manipulate, or observe. Understanding different types of variables is essential for designing a study, analyzing data, and interpreting results. Variables differ based on their roles in the research process, level of measurement, and their relationship with other […]
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Introduction Survey research is a widely used method for collecting data in social sciences, particularly psychology. It involves asking individuals questions to obtain self-reported data on attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, or demographics. To ensure reliability and validity, researchers use specific instruments for data collection. Each instrument is chosen based on the research objectives, the population, and
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Introduction Validity refers to the degree to which a research study accurately reflects or assesses the concept it aims to measure. In research design, two critical forms of validity are internal validity and external validity. Internal validity refers to the credibility of the causal relationship between variables within the study, while external validity concerns the
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Introduction Quasi-experimental research designs are used when true experimental designs are not feasible due to ethical, practical, or logistical constraints. Unlike true experiments, quasi-experiments lack random assignment of participants to groups. However, they still involve manipulation of an independent variable and comparison of outcomes, making them valuable for studying cause-and-effect relationships in real-world settings. Types
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Introduction A case study is a qualitative research method that involves an in-depth, contextual analysis of a single event, individual, group, or organization. It is commonly used in psychology, social sciences, education, and health studies. Case studies are particularly valuable when exploring complex phenomena within real-life contexts. However, despite their value, case studies are often
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Introduction The research process is a systematic, step-by-step approach used to collect, analyze, and interpret information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. It forms the foundation of academic and applied inquiry across disciplines, especially in psychology and social sciences. Understanding each step is crucial for ensuring the reliability, validity, and ethical integrity
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Introduction A factorial research design is a type of experimental design that involves two or more independent variables (factors) and allows researchers to study the effect of each variable independently and in interaction with others. It is widely used in psychological and social research because of its ability to examine complex relationships among variables. This
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Introduction Sampling is a fundamental concept in research methodology that involves selecting a subset of individuals or elements from a larger population to represent that population in a study. Since it is often impractical or impossible to study an entire population due to constraints of time, cost, and accessibility, researchers use sampling techniques to gather
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IGNOU MPC-004: Advanced Social PsychologyTutor Marked Assignment (TMA) 2024-25 Course Code: MPC-004 Assignment Code: MPC-004/ASST/TMA/2024-25 Marks: 100 Note: All questions are compulsory. SECTION – AAnswer the following questions in 1000 words each. (3 x 15 = 45 marks) Discuss the historical developments that contributed to the emergence of modern social psychology – Read Answer Describe
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Important Features of Group A group is defined as two or more individuals who interact and share common goals. Key features include interdependence, structured roles, norms, cohesiveness, communication, and identity. These elements shape group dynamics, influence behavior, and contribute to collective decision-making and performance.
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