2025

Examine M.S. Golwalkar’s views on negative and positive Hindutva.

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Introduction M.S. Golwalkar, often referred to as Guruji, was a key ideologue of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and a prominent figure in shaping the ideological foundations of Hindutva. His writings and speeches laid out a comprehensive framework for what he considered the essential character of the Indian nation. Central to Golwalkar’s philosophy was the […]

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Examine the arrival of nationalism in early 19th century India.

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Introduction The early 19th century marked a turning point in Indian history with the gradual emergence of nationalism. Though the Indian freedom struggle took organized form in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, its ideological and emotional roots were laid much earlier. The arrival of nationalism in early 19th century India was shaped by

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Examine Sri Aurobindo’s critique of political moderates in Indian National Movements.

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Introduction Sri Aurobindo Ghose was a revolutionary thinker, spiritual philosopher, and nationalist who played a pivotal role in the early phases of the Indian freedom struggle. One of the defining aspects of his political thought was his strong critique of the moderate leadership within the Indian National Congress. Sri Aurobindo believed that the moderate approach,

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Discuss the inter-relationship between religion and polity in pre-modern Indian Political Thought.

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Introduction In pre-modern Indian political thought, religion and polity were deeply intertwined. Unlike in modern secular states where politics and religion are expected to operate separately, ancient and medieval Indian political systems were structured around religious values, texts, and institutions. Religion served not only as a spiritual guide but also as the foundation for laws,

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State, obligation and civil disobedience

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Introduction The relationship between the individual and the state is a central theme in political philosophy. It raises important questions about authority, responsibility, and resistance. One of the most powerful responses to unjust state power is the concept of civil disobedience. Mahatma Gandhi, drawing inspiration from moral and spiritual principles, developed a non-violent form of

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Gandhi’s views on preventing ‘Structural Violence’

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Introduction Structural violence refers to systematic and institutional forms of harm that prevent individuals or groups from meeting their basic needs or living with dignity. It includes poverty, discrimination, unequal access to education or healthcare, and political marginalization. Mahatma Gandhi, although he did not use the term “structural violence,” addressed its core issues throughout his

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Social transformation and redistribution of power in socialism

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Introduction Socialism is a political and economic philosophy that aims to create a more just and equitable society by promoting collective ownership and reducing inequalities. One of the core ideas of socialism is the redistribution of power—both economic and political—to ensure that all members of society have access to opportunities and resources. Social transformation, in

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Colonialism and Imperialism

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Introduction Colonialism and imperialism are two interrelated concepts that have played a major role in shaping world history. While often used interchangeably, they have distinct meanings and implications. Both involve domination by one country over another, but they differ in methods, motivations, and historical context. These systems of control led to widespread exploitation, cultural erosion,

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