(i) Concept of Positive Peace
Introduction
Positive peace is a concept in peace studies that goes beyond the absence of war and violence. It refers to a stable, just, and fair society where people enjoy equality, human rights, and opportunities for development. Unlike negative peace, which is merely the absence of direct violence, positive peace focuses on long-term stability by addressing the root causes of conflict.
A. Features of Positive Peace
- Social Justice and Equality
- Fair access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities.
- Example: Countries like Norway and Sweden, which have high social equality, experience long-term peace.
- Strong Institutions and Good Governance
- Governments must be transparent, accountable, and democratic.
- Example: The European Union promotes peace through regional cooperation and strong institutions.
- Respect for Human Rights
- Ensuring freedom of speech, religious tolerance, and protection of minorities.
- Example: South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission promoted healing after Apartheid.
- Sustainable Development and Economic Prosperity
- A society with employment, fair wages, and environmental sustainability prevents conflicts.
- Example: Countries with high economic inequality, like Venezuela, face frequent unrest.
B. Difference Between Positive and Negative Peace
| Aspect | Negative Peace | Positive Peace |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Absence of war or violence. | Presence of justice, equality, and social well-being. |
| Focus | Stopping direct violence. | Removing structural violence and inequalities. |
| Example | North Korea has no war but is not peaceful due to oppression. | Switzerland promotes equality and stability, ensuring real peace. |
C. Relevance of Positive Peace in the 21st Century
- Helps in preventing wars, terrorism, and social unrest.
- Essential for achieving global development goals (UN Sustainable Development Goals – SDGs).
- Example: The Nordic countries maintain peace through social welfare, democracy, and economic equality.
D. Conclusion
Positive peace is not just about stopping conflicts but about creating a world where everyone can thrive. Governments, civil societies, and global organizations must work toward building a fair and just society to ensure lasting peace.
(ii) Gandhi’s Views on Fasting and Its Relevance Today
Introduction
Mahatma Gandhi saw fasting as a powerful tool for spiritual purification, self-discipline, and political resistance. He used fasting as a nonviolent method of protest (Satyagraha) to pressure the British and Indian political leaders into making ethical decisions.
Even today, fasting as a form of protest remains a relevant strategy for achieving social and political change.
A. Gandhi’s Reasons for Fasting
- Fasting as Self-Purification
- Gandhi believed that fasting was a way to discipline the body and mind, bringing clarity and inner peace.
- Example: He fasted regularly for self-control and spiritual growth.
- Fasting as a Moral Weapon (Tapasya)
- Fasting was used to appeal to the conscience of the oppressor.
- Example: During the Calcutta riots (1947), Gandhi fasted to stop Hindu-Muslim violence, and it worked.
- Fasting for Political Pressure
- Nonviolent method to protest against injustice.
- Example: The fast against untouchability (1932) forced the British to improve Dalit rights.
B. Relevance of Gandhi’s Fasting Today
- Hunger Strikes for Justice
- Activists use hunger strikes to demand justice and reforms.
- Example: Irom Sharmila (2000-2016) fasted against military brutality in Northeast India.
- Religious and Spiritual Fasting
- Many people follow fasting rituals for self-discipline and devotion.
- Example: Ramadan fasting in Islam and Lent in Christianity.
- Fasting for Health and Wellness
- Modern science recognizes the health benefits of fasting, such as detoxification and weight control.
C. Challenges and Criticism of Political Fasting
| Criticism | Response |
|---|---|
| Can be manipulated for personal or political gain. | True fasting must be based on moral sincerity. |
| May harm the protester’s health. | Fasting should be done under medical supervision. |
| Governments may ignore fasting protests. | Public and media pressure can increase its effectiveness. |
D. Conclusion
Gandhi’s use of fasting as a tool for peace, social justice, and self-purification remains highly relevant today. Whether for political activism, spiritual growth, or health benefits, fasting continues to be a powerful and meaningful practice in modern society.
Final Thoughts
Both positive peace and fasting contribute to peaceful conflict resolution in different ways. While positive peace creates fair societies, fasting serves as a moral and nonviolent tool for change. Inspired by Gandhi, these principles continue to guide movements for justice and peace worldwide.
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