Introduction
Civilization refers to a highly developed stage of human society marked by urban development, advanced agriculture, writing systems, trade, social hierarchy, and organized political and religious institutions. One of the best examples of early civilization is the Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished around 2600–1900 BCE in northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent.
Definition of Civilization
A civilization is typically defined by the following key components:
- Urban centers (cities)
- Complex political and religious institutions
- Specialization of labor
- Social stratification
- Writing or record-keeping systems
- Trade networks
Characteristic Features of Civilization with Reference to Harappan Culture
1. Urban Planning
The Harappan cities like Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Dholavira, and Kalibangan were well-planned with a grid pattern. Streets intersected at right angles, and drainage systems were highly advanced. Houses were made of baked bricks and had private wells and bathrooms.
2. Architecture and Engineering
Public buildings like the Great Bath in Mohenjo-Daro, granaries, and assembly halls show architectural skill. The Great Bath is believed to have had religious or ritual significance.
3. Writing System
The Harappans used a script consisting of symbols, mainly found on seals. Though still undeciphered, it shows they had a system of communication for trade and administration.
4. Economic Organization and Trade
The Harappans practiced agriculture (wheat, barley, cotton), domesticated animals, and engaged in local and long-distance trade. Trade links existed with Mesopotamia and Central Asia. They used standardized weights and measures.
5. Craft Specialization
They produced pottery, beads, bangles, seals, and metal tools. Artisans lived in specific quarters and worked with copper, bronze, gold, and semi-precious stones like carnelian and lapis lazuli.
6. Social Structure
While no clear evidence of monarchy exists, the presence of large structures, seal ownership, and varied house sizes suggests social hierarchy. There were probably priests, artisans, merchants, and laborers.
7. Religion and Beliefs
Harappans worshipped nature and animals. Symbols like the pipal tree, humped bull, and the “Proto-Shiva” figure found on seals hint at early forms of Hindu beliefs. The use of fire altars at Kalibangan suggests ritual practices.
8. Art and Culture
Harappan art includes terracotta figurines, pottery, and carved seals. The bronze dancing girl from Mohenjo-Daro and the bearded man statue from Harappa are famous examples.
Conclusion
The Harappan Civilization was a highly developed and organized society that fulfills all the key criteria of a civilization. Its advanced urban planning, craft specialization, trade, and symbolic communication system make it one of the greatest achievements of the ancient world. Studying Harappan culture not only helps us understand early Indian history but also the general features of early civilizations globally.