IgnouCorner

(i) Chilka Bachao Andolan and Chipko Movement A. Chilka Bachao Andolan (Save Chilka Movement) Introduction The Chilka Bachao Andolan was a mass environmental movement aimed at protecting Chilka Lake, India’s largest coastal lagoon, from ecological degradation due to commercial prawn farming. Key Issues Protests and Impact B. Chipko Movement (1973) Introduction The Chipko Movement (hug-the-trees

1. Introduction Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are independent, non-profit entities that work toward social, environmental, humanitarian, and economic development without direct control by governments. NGOs play a critical role in advocacy, public policy, disaster relief, environmental protection, and human rights. They function at local, national, and international levels, collaborating with governments, private entities, and civil society

Introduction South Asia is one of the most environmentally vulnerable regions in the world due to rapid industrialization, deforestation, climate change, and poor environmental governance. The region is home to diverse ecosystems, including Himalayan glaciers, tropical forests, and coastal areas, all of which face severe environmental challenges. Among South Asian nations, Sri Lanka has its

1. Five Multilateral Agreements Related to Transnational Air Pollution Transnational air pollution occurs when pollutants travel across national borders, affecting global air quality, climate, and ecosystems. To address this, several multilateral agreements have been established. A. Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) – 1979 B. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

(i) Rio +5 and Rio +10 Introduction The Rio Summit (Earth Summit) of 1992 was a landmark international conference that established key principles for sustainable development. To assess its progress, follow-up summits were held at Rio +5 (1997) and Rio +10 (2002). A. Rio +5 (1997) – Five Years After the Earth Summit B. Rio