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(a) Human Security in Africa (b) Structural Adjustment Programme in Africa

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(a) Human Security in Africa Introduction Human security in Africa focuses on ensuring freedom from fear, freedom from want, and dignity for all individuals. Unlike traditional security, which emphasizes military defense, human security prioritizes economic stability, food security, healthcare, political rights, and protection from violence. Africa faces several human security challenges, including poverty, armed conflicts, […]

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Post–Cold War peacekeeping (b) China’s role in Africa

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(a) Post-Cold War Peacekeeping in Africa After the Cold War (1945–1991), Africa faced numerous conflicts, including civil wars, ethnic violence, and political instability. The end of superpower rivalries led to an increase in United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions, as well as involvement by the African Union (AU) and regional organizations. These peacekeeping efforts aimed to

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Write a short note on each part of the following questions in about 250 words. [a] Africa’s position in international economy [b] Non Alignment Movement and Africa

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Africa’s Position in International Economy Africa plays a crucial role in the global economy, contributing vast natural resources, agricultural products, and labor. However, despite its wealth in resources, Africa remains economically underdeveloped compared to other continents due to historical exploitation, weak industrialization, trade imbalances, and political instability. The continent continues to be highly dependent on

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Short Notes on India–Africa Relations and Causes of Violent Conflicts in Africa

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(a) India-Africa Relations Introduction India and Africa share a long history of trade, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic relations. The relationship has been shaped by colonial history, economic cooperation, political alliances, and shared development goals. Over the years, India has strengthened its ties with African nations through economic investments, trade agreements, diplomatic partnerships, and capacity-building initiatives.

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Describe the Impact of Sub-Saharan Africa’s Efforts on Regional Organization

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Sub-Saharan Africa has made significant efforts to strengthen regional organizations to promote economic integration, political stability, and conflict resolution. Various regional organizations, such as the African Union (AU), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Southern African Development Community (SADC), and East African Community (EAC), have played a crucial role in enhancing trade, security, and

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New Income Tax Slab rate for Personal Income as presented by Finance minister today in budget 2025

Describe the Various Features of Foreign Trade and Investment in Africa

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Foreign trade and investment play a crucial role in Africa’s economic growth and development. Africa is rich in natural resources, including oil, gold, diamonds, and agricultural products, making it an attractive destination for foreign investors and global trade partners. Over the years, Africa has developed strong trade relationships with countries like China, the United States,

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Critically Examine the Factors Responsible for the Emergence of Military and Authoritarian Regimes in Africa

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Africa has experienced numerous military and authoritarian regimes since gaining independence from colonial rule in the mid-20th century. Many newly independent African nations struggled with political instability, weak economies, and ethnic conflicts, creating conditions for military takeovers. While some military governments promised stability, most became repressive dictatorships, restricting civil liberties and suppressing opposition. This answer

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Explain the Rise of Nationalism and the Independence Movement in Africa

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Introduction The rise of African nationalism and the struggle for independence from colonial rule were among the most defining moments in Africa’s modern history. For centuries, European powers controlled African territories, exploiting their resources, labor, and land. However, by the mid-20th century, African nations began to resist colonial rule, leading to the independence movements that

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Critically Examine the European Influence on Slave Trade in Africa

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Introduction The transatlantic slave trade was a significant part of African history, driven largely by European demand for labor in the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries. While slavery existed in Africa before European involvement, the scale, brutality, and long-term impact of the European-controlled slave trade were unprecedented. European powers played a key role

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