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9. a) Federal Structure in Australia Introduction Australia follows a federal system of government, where power is divided between the Commonwealth (Federal) Government, six states, and two territories. Established under the Australian Constitution (1901), this system ensures a distribution of authority between national and regional governments, allowing for both local governance and centralized policy-making. Australia’s […]

7. a) Development Strategy in Australia Introduction Australia’s development strategy focuses on economic growth, infrastructure expansion, technological innovation, and environmental sustainability. As a high-income economy, Australia ranks among the top nations in terms of human development, GDP per capita, and living standards. However, challenges such as climate change, economic diversification, and social inequality require continued

6. a) Indian Diaspora in Australia Introduction The Indian diaspora in Australia is one of the fastest-growing ethnic communities, significantly contributing to Australia’s economy, culture, and bilateral relations with India. Indian migrants have played a crucial role in business, education, healthcare, IT, and community services. As of 2023, Indians make up the second-largest migrant group

Introduction Australia is one of the largest mixed-market economies in the world, known for its strong financial sector, resource-rich industries, and stable governance. As the 13th largest economy globally, Australia has maintained steady GDP growth, low unemployment, and a high standard of living. It is also one of the few developed nations to have avoided

Introduction The Australian Senate is the upper house of the Parliament of Australia, established under the Australian Constitution (1901). It plays a vital role in the country’s legislative process, representing the interests of states and territories, reviewing laws, and holding the government accountable. Unlike the House of Representatives (lower house), where seats are based on

Introduction Australia is recognized as one of the most multicultural nations in the world today, but its journey towards embracing diversity has been long and complex. The country’s population was originally shaped by British and Irish settlers, but successive waves of migration from Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa have transformed Australia into a

Introduction Australian national identity has evolved significantly over time, shaped by colonial history, migration, multiculturalism, and global influences. Initially, Australian identity was closely linked to British heritage, Anglo-Celtic culture, and European ancestry. However, in recent decades, immigration, Indigenous recognition, and multicultural policies have transformed the perception of what it means to be Australian. Past Perceptions

10. a) EU–US Relations Introduction The European Union (EU) and the United States (US) share a deep and complex relationship, characterized by economic cooperation, political alliances, and strategic security partnerships. As two of the world’s largest economies and democratic blocs, the EU and the US collaborate on trade, defense, climate policies, and global governance. However,

9. a) Neo-Functionalist Theory of European Integration Introduction Neo-functionalism is one of the most influential theories explaining European integration. Developed in the 1950s by Ernst B. Haas and Leon Lindberg, it argues that economic cooperation between nations leads to political integration through a process known as “spillover”. The theory was designed to explain the development

8. a) Compare Regionalism in Europe and South Asia Introduction Regionalism refers to the process where countries within a specific region cooperate on economic, political, and security issues. The European Union (EU) in Europe and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) in South Asia are two key examples of regional integration. While European