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10. a) Human Rights Issues in Australia Introduction Australia is a democratic nation that upholds human rights, freedom, and equality, but it still faces challenges regarding Indigenous rights, refugee policies, and racial discrimination. While Australia has strong legal frameworks to protect human rights, issues related to asylum seekers, gender equality, and treatment of Indigenous Australians

9. a) India-Australia Relations and QUAD Introduction India and Australia share a strong and evolving strategic partnership, marked by cooperation in trade, defense, education, and regional security. The relationship has been strengthened through their participation in the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD), alongside the US and Japan, to promote a free, open, and secure Indo-Pacific region.

8. a) Impact of China’s Open Door Policy on Australia’s Economy Introduction China’s Open Door Policy, introduced in 1978 under Deng Xiaoping, transformed China into a global economic powerhouse by opening up to foreign investment, trade liberalization, and industrial growth. This policy had a major impact on Australia’s economy, making China Australia’s largest trading partner

7. a) Unique Features of Australia’s Biodiversity Introduction Australia has one of the most unique and diverse ecosystems in the world, with over 80% of its plants, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians found nowhere else. Due to geographical isolation, climate variations, and distinct ecosystems, Australian biodiversity is highly specialized and vulnerable to environmental changes. However, climate

6. a) New Trends of Federalism in Australia Introduction Australia follows a federal system of government, where power is divided between the Commonwealth (federal) government, six states, and two territories. Over time, Australia’s federalism has evolved due to economic, political, and social changes, leading to new trends such as cooperative federalism, fiscal reforms, and digital

Introduction Australia has benefited immensely from globalization, with a strong economy built on trade, foreign investment, and international partnerships. As a resource-rich nation, Australia is a leading exporter of iron ore, coal, LNG, and agricultural products. Its trade partnerships with China, the US, Japan, India, and ASEAN have fueled economic growth. However, globalization also presents

Introduction Australia follows a federal system of government, where power is divided between the Commonwealth (federal) government, six states, and two territories. The Australian Constitution (1901) defines this division of power, ensuring a balance between national and regional governance. However, the functioning of Australian federalism is influenced by various factors, including financial distribution, intergovernmental relations,

Introduction China and Australia have one of the most significant economic partnerships in the Asia-Pacific region, driven by trade, investment, and resource exports. China is Australia’s largest trading partner, while Australia is a key supplier of raw materials, agricultural products, and education services to China. Despite strong economic ties, geopolitical tensions, trade disputes, and security

Introduction The United States-Australia relationship during the Cold War (1947-1991) was shaped by shared security interests, ideological alignment, and strategic cooperation against communism. As a close ally of the US, Australia played a key role in supporting American-led military operations, intelligence-sharing, and regional security initiatives to counter the Soviet Union and communist expansion in Asia.