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8. a) Civil Society and Governance in Canada Introduction Civil society plays a crucial role in Canadian democracy and governance, influencing policies, advocating for human rights, and ensuring government accountability. Civil society in Canada consists of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), advocacy groups, labor unions, charities, think tanks, and social movements that work alongside the government to […]

7. a) Canada’s Human Security Agenda as Reflected in its Foreign Policy Introduction Canada has been a global leader in promoting human security, emphasizing peacekeeping, conflict resolution, human rights, and sustainable development in its foreign policy. Since the post-Cold War era, Canada has actively shaped the concept of human security, prioritizing the protection of individuals

6. a) Federalism in Canada Introduction Federalism in Canada is a system of government where powers are divided between the federal government and the provinces/territories. Canada’s federalism is unique due to its bilingual, multicultural, and regional diversity, making it distinct from other federal systems like that of the United States. Since 1867, Canada’s federal structure

Introduction India and Canada share a long history of diplomatic, economic, and cultural ties, influenced by their Commonwealth membership, democratic institutions, and multicultural societies. However, the relationship has experienced periods of both cooperation and tension, especially in the post-Cold War years. Since the 1990s, both countries have worked towards enhancing trade, investment, energy cooperation, and

Introduction Canada follows a federal system, where power is divided between the federal government and the provinces and territories. Unlike a unitary system where the central government holds most of the power, federalism in Canada allows provinces significant autonomy in governance. However, over the years, tensions have arisen due to decentralization, where provinces and territories

Introduction Canada has historically positioned itself as a middle power in global affairs, adopting a liberal internationalist approach to diplomacy and foreign policy. This approach emphasizes multilateralism, peacekeeping, human rights advocacy, free trade, and environmental cooperation. As a middle power, Canada plays a significant but non-dominant role in shaping international relations, balancing between major global

Introduction Multiculturalism is a defining feature of Canada’s national identity. The country has long embraced diversity, with policies that recognize and promote cultural, ethnic, and linguistic pluralism. Canada’s multiculturalism policy, officially adopted in 1971, was the first of its kind in the world and remains a cornerstone of the country’s social and political fabric. Multiculturalism

Introduction Canada has a complex history of interactions with Indigenous peoples, including First Nations, Inuit, and Métis communities. Historically, Indigenous governance structures were undermined by colonization, and Indigenous peoples were subjected to policies like the Indian Act (1876), which centralized federal control over their affairs. Over time, Indigenous activism and international human rights norms have

10. a) Pattern of Industrialization in Indian States Introduction Industrialization in India has followed an uneven and regionally diverse pattern due to historical, geographical, and policy factors. While some states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka have emerged as industrial powerhouses, others like Bihar, Jharkhand, and Odisha lag behind due to inadequate infrastructure and

a) Dalit Panther Movement Introduction The Dalit Panther Movement was a radical Dalit rights movement that emerged in Maharashtra in 1972. Inspired by the Black Panther Movement in the USA, it aimed to fight caste oppression, untouchability, and social injustice against Dalits. The movement became a significant force in the 1970s, advocating for Dalit dignity,