Introduction Mahatma Gandhi’s idea of individual autonomy is rooted in his broader philosophy of truth, non-violence, and self-realization. To Gandhi, true freedom meant more than political independence; it involved inner moral strength, self-discipline, and the ability to act in harmony with one’s conscience. His concept of individual autonomy is closely linked to self-rule or Swaraj, […]
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Introduction Mahatma Gandhi believed that true independence for India could not be achieved through political freedom alone. According to him, economic equality was the “master key” to ensuring that independence was not only non-violent but also meaningful and sustainable. In Gandhi’s view, freedom without economic justice would be incomplete and would lead to continued suffering
Introduction One of the most profound contributions of Mahatma Gandhi to political and ethical thought is his emphasis on the relationship between ‘means’ and ‘ends’. Gandhi believed that the path one chooses to achieve a goal is just as important—if not more important—than the goal itself. In the context of conflict resolution, this principle becomes
Introduction Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, had a very clear and strong critique of industrialization. He believed that the Western model of industrial growth was not suitable for India and would only lead to exploitation and moral degradation. His views on industrialization were deeply rooted in his philosophy of simplicity, self-reliance, non-violence,
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Short Notes – Section B: Question 10 (i–iv) i) Medieval Women as Property Holders In medieval India, the position of women as property holders was shaped by religious customs, regional practices, social status, and legal norms. While generally, women’s property rights were restricted, evidence suggests that women did own and manage property in certain contexts.
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Introduction The Mughal Empire, with its vast territorial expanse and complex administrative system, required a robust mechanism for the transmission of official information. The postal communication system, or the dak chowki system, was a vital administrative tool that ensured the flow of orders, intelligence, and reports across the empire. Though primarily developed for state purposes,
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Introduction During the medieval period in India, the economy witnessed increasing monetization, commercial expansion, and growth of long-distance trade. In this evolving economic environment, sarrafs—money changers, bankers, and financiers—played a central role. Sarrafs were not merely moneylenders or currency exchangers; they were vital intermediaries in the financial and commercial life of medieval India. Their services
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Introduction The Mughal Empire (1526–1707) developed one of the most elaborate and systematic land revenue systems in pre-modern India. The assessment and collection of land revenue formed the backbone of the imperial economy and administration. Under rulers like Akbar, revenue methods were institutionalized, standardized, and rationalized to ensure a steady inflow of income. This post
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Introduction Irrigation played a crucial role in shaping the agrarian economy of India during the early medieval (c. 600–1200 CE) and medieval (c. 1200–1700 CE) periods. As agriculture remained the primary source of livelihood and revenue, efficient water management was essential for supporting both subsistence and surplus production. The irrigation techniques used during these periods
Short Notes – Section A: Question 5 (i–iv) i) First Farmers of Bihar and the Doab The emergence of agriculture in the regions of Bihar and the Ganga-Yamuna Doab marks a significant chapter in India’s early economic history. Archaeological evidence from sites such as Chirand (in Bihar) and Koldihwa and Mahagara (in the Doab) reveals
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