BBCCT-109 – Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

BBCCT-109 – Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids | Complete Assignment Answers

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IGNOU BBCCT-109 Assignment (2025) Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids Course Code: BBCCT-109 Assignment Code: BBCCT-109/TMA/2025 Maximum Marks: 100 Answer List Explain the terms in 2-3 sentences: Substrate level phosphorylation, Glycolysis, Anaplerotic reactions, Chemotrophs, Catabolism (a) Explain different phases of glycolysis. Write the final equation indicating the net production of ATP (b) Why is ATP known […]

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Name the lipid that accumulates in Faber’s disease and Tay-Sach’s disease. Explain the signs and symptoms of these diseases.

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Lipid Accumulation in Faber’s Disease and Tay-Sach’s Disease Faber’s Disease Lipid Accumulated In Faber’s disease, the lipid that accumulates is ceramide. Cause Faber’s disease is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme acid ceramidase. This leads to impaired breakdown of ceramide, resulting in its accumulation within lysosomes. Signs and Symptoms

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Discuss the fate of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins under well fed state

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Fate of Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins in a Well-Fed State Introduction In the well-fed state (postprandial state), the body experiences high levels of glucose and other nutrients in the blood. This triggers insulin release and suppresses glucagon, leading to anabolic processes where nutrients are stored for future use. Each macronutrient—carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins—follows distinct metabolic

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What is ceramide? How is sphingomyelin synthesized from ceramide?

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Ceramide and Sphingomyelin Synthesis What is Ceramide? Ceramide is a central molecule in the metabolism of sphingolipids. It consists of a sphingosine backbone (an 18-carbon amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain) linked to a fatty acid via an amide bond. Ceramide acts as both a structural lipid component of membranes and a signaling molecule

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Describe the CPD-base pathway for phosphatidyl choline synthesis

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CPD-Base Pathway for Phosphatidylcholine Synthesis Introduction Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is one of the most abundant phospholipids in eukaryotic membranes. It plays crucial roles in membrane structure, lipid metabolism, and signaling. The CDP-choline pathway (also known as the Kennedy pathway) is the major route for PC biosynthesis in mammalian cells. Steps of the CDP-Choline (Kennedy) Pathway The

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Explain DAG transacylase pathway for triglyceride synthesis

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DAG Transacylase Pathway for Triglyceride Synthesis Introduction Triglyceride (triacylglycerol) synthesis is a crucial biochemical process that stores energy in adipose tissues. The diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzyme plays a central role in the final step of triglyceride synthesis through the DAG transacylase pathway. Overview of Triglyceride Synthesis Triglycerides are composed of one glycerol molecule and three

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List different stages of cholesterol biosynthesis, explain first step in detail

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Stages of Cholesterol Biosynthesis and Detailed First Step Introduction Cholesterol biosynthesis is a multi-step anabolic pathway that occurs mainly in the liver. It involves the conversion of acetyl-CoA to cholesterol through several enzymatic reactions. Cholesterol plays a vital role in membrane structure, hormone synthesis, and bile acid formation. Four Main Stages of Cholesterol Biosynthesis 1.

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Calculate the number of ATP produced by oxidation of one molecule of glucose by glycolysis and TCA cycle. Is this number less or more than that produced during β-oxidation of palmitic acid?

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ATP Yield from Glucose Oxidation vs. β-Oxidation of Palmitic Acid ATP Production from Glucose Oxidation Complete aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule involves three main stages: glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Below is a breakdown of the ATP yield: 1. Glycolysis 2 ATP (net gain) 2 NADH → 5 ATP (via oxidative phosphorylation)

Calculate the number of ATP produced by oxidation of one molecule of glucose by glycolysis and TCA cycle. Is this number less or more than that produced during β-oxidation of palmitic acid? Read More »

What is the role of fatty acid synthase complex in fatty acid metabolism?

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Role of Fatty Acid Synthase Complex in Fatty Acid Metabolism Introduction The fatty acid synthase (FAS) complex is a multi-enzyme protein responsible for catalyzing the synthesis of long-chain saturated fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. It plays a vital role in lipid metabolism and energy storage, particularly in the liver, adipose tissue, and mammary

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What are ketone bodies and how are they synthesized? Why is level of ketone bodies increased in uncontrolled diabetes?

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Ketone Bodies: Synthesis and Role in Diabetes Introduction Ketone bodies are water-soluble molecules produced in the liver during the breakdown of fatty acids. They serve as an alternative energy source during prolonged fasting, starvation, or carbohydrate-restricted conditions. The three primary ketone bodies are: Acetoacetate β-Hydroxybutyrate Acetone Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Ketogenesis) Ketogenesis occurs in the

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