MPSE-007

(a) Chipko Movement & Appiko Movement Introduction The Chipko Movement (1973) and Appiko Movement (1983) are two of India’s most significant environmental movements, aimed at protecting forests and preserving ecological balance. Both movements were based on non-violent resistance and community participation, led primarily by tribal and rural communities dependent on forests for their livelihoods. 1.

(a) Fisher Folk of Kerala Introduction The fisher folk of Kerala are an integral part of the state’s coastal economy and culture, contributing significantly to marine fisheries and traditional livelihoods. However, they face multiple socio-economic challenges due to climate change, declining fish stocks, and competition from mechanized trawlers. 1. Economic and Social Importance 2. Challenges

(a) Human Development Index (HDI) Introduction The Human Development Index (HDI) is a global measure used to assess a country’s overall development by evaluating three key dimensions: health, education, and standard of living. It was introduced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1990 as part of the Human Development Report (HDR) to shift

(a) Bodos of Assam and Their Struggle for Autonomy Introduction The Bodos, one of the largest indigenous tribes in Assam, have long fought for autonomy and self-governance. Their movement is rooted in ethnic identity, political representation, and economic marginalization. The struggle has taken different forms, from peaceful protests to armed insurgency, resulting in the creation

(a) All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)(b) Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU) Introduction The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) is one of India’s oldest and most influential trade union federations. It was established in 1920 with the aim of protecting the rights of workers and advocating for better working conditions, wages, and labor rights. 1.

Introduction The reservation in India is one of the most debated and impactful policies aimed at providing social justice and equal opportunities to historically disadvantaged communities. Introduced as an affirmative action measure, reservation provides scheduled castes (SCs), scheduled tribes (STs), and other backward classes (OBCs) with quotas in education, government jobs, and political representation. However,

Introduction Ethnic movements in India have been an important aspect of the country’s social and political landscape. These movements emerge when ethnic, linguistic, or tribal groups feel marginalized and demand greater political rights, autonomy, or even independence. Ethnic movements often arise due to historical grievances, economic disparities, cultural identity struggles, and political exclusion. India, being

Introduction Social movements in India have played a significant role in shaping the country’s political, economic, and social landscape. From anti-colonial struggles to modern rights-based movements, these collective efforts have influenced policies, governance, and social justice. Scholars have developed various approaches to studying social movements, each offering a different perspective on their causes, strategies, and

Introduction Social movements emerge due to grievances, collective action, and the availability of resources. Two of the most influential theories explaining the rise of social movements are: Both theories provide different perspectives on how and why social movements develop. While RMT highlights the role of leadership, organization, and funding, RDT emphasizes perceived inequalities and frustrations