MASTER’S DEGREE PROGRAMME
IN POLITICAL SCIENCE
Introduction Classical liberalism is a political and economic philosophy that emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe. It emphasizes individual freedom, limited government, free markets, and the protection of natural rights. Thinkers like John Locke, Adam Smith, and John Stuart Mill shaped this ideology, which became the foundation of modern democracy and capitalism. […]
Classical liberalism Read More »
Introduction Sovereignty is one of the most important concepts in political theory. It refers to the supreme power or authority of the state to govern itself and its people. The idea of sovereignty explains who has the final say in making laws and policies within a territory. In this answer, we will explain the meaning,
Introduction Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870–1924), the leader of the Russian Revolution, developed the concept of the political party as the vanguard of the proletariat. He believed that the working class (proletariat) needed strong, organized leadership to overthrow capitalism and establish socialism. Lenin’s theory of the vanguard party became a central idea in Marxist-Leninist thought and
Party as Vanguard of the Proletariat (V. I. Lenin) Read More »
Introduction Citizenship is the legal and political status that defines the relationship between an individual and the state. It gives people rights, responsibilities, and a sense of belonging to a political community. Citizenship has evolved over time, and scholars have identified different forms of citizenship based on rights and participation. In this answer, we will
Forms of citizenship Read More »
Introduction In political theory and ethics, the concept of duty is as important as the concept of rights. While rights represent the claims individuals can make, duties represent the responsibilities individuals owe to others and society. The significance of duty lies in maintaining social order, promoting harmony, and ensuring that individual freedom does not harm
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Introduction John Rawls (1921–2002) was a famous political philosopher best known for his theory of justice. In his book A Theory of Justice (1971), he presented a detailed critique of utilitarianism, which had been one of the dominant moral and political theories. Utilitarianism is based on the idea of maximizing happiness or the greatest good
John Rawl’s critique of Utilitarianism Read More »
Introduction Equality is one of the most fundamental principles of political theory and democracy. It means that every individual should be treated with fairness, dignity, and without discrimination. However, equality has not been easily achieved; it has been the result of long struggles in different parts of the world. People have fought against slavery, caste
Trace the struggle for equality. Read More »
Introduction Liberty is one of the most important concepts in political theory. It refers to the condition where individuals are free to act according to their will, within certain limits. However, liberty is not just about doing anything one likes; it is about having reasonable freedom without harming others. Political philosophers have distinguished between two
Elaborate upon negative liberty. Read More »
Introduction Rights are one of the most important concepts in political theory. They are the claims or entitlements that individuals have which are protected by law, morality, or social recognition. Rights ensure that individuals live with dignity, freedom, and equality within society. They are not just privileges but essential conditions for human existence. In this
Discuss the meaning and nature of rights. Read More »
Introduction Democracy is one of the most important political ideas in the modern world. It refers to a system where people participate in governance, either directly or through elected representatives. However, democracy is not just about holding elections. It has two important aspects: procedural democracy and substantive democracy. In this answer, we will examine both
Examine Procedural and Substantive democracy. Read More »
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