Introduction
Gender stratification refers to the unequal distribution of resources, rights, and opportunities between men and women in society. It is shaped by cultural norms, religion, economy, and political institutions. Over time, gender roles and power dynamics have changed due to social movements, legal reforms, education, and globalization. This essay traces the historical and contemporary changes in gender stratification, with a focus on the Indian context and global influences.
Gender Stratification in Traditional Societies
1. Prehistoric and Agrarian Societies
In early human societies, roles were based on physical labor and survival needs. Men hunted while women gathered food and cared for children. These roles were complementary, not necessarily hierarchical. However, as agriculture developed and private property became important, men began to control land, livestock, and production.
2. Feudal and Patriarchal Societies
With the rise of feudalism and kingdoms, patriarchy intensified. Men controlled political power, military, and religious institutions. Women were seen as dependents, with their identity tied to their father or husband. Education, inheritance, and public participation were largely denied to them.
Example: In medieval India, women were subjected to practices like child marriage, purdah, and Sati (self-immolation).
Colonial Era and Social Reforms
1. British Rule in India
Colonial policies reinforced gender inequality by marginalizing women in land reforms and education. However, exposure to Western education also triggered social reform movements.
2. Women Reformers and Movements
Indian reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar fought against Sati and for widow remarriage. Women like Savitribai Phule and Pandita Ramabai advocated for girls’ education and social upliftment.
Post-Independence Developments
1. Constitutional Guarantees
The Indian Constitution guaranteed equality, non-discrimination, and affirmative action for women (Articles 14, 15, 16, and 39).
2. Political Participation
Women gained voting rights, and political reservation at local levels (Panchayati Raj) was introduced. This increased their visibility in governance.
3. Education and Employment
Expansion of girls’ education and participation in various professions marked a major shift. Yet, gaps persist in STEM fields, leadership roles, and wage parity.
Contemporary Changes in Gender Stratification
1. Rise of Feminist Movements
Second-wave feminism (1970s–90s) focused on issues like domestic violence, reproductive rights, and workplace discrimination. This influenced laws and societal attitudes.
2. Globalization and Media
Exposure to global ideas of equality and rights has empowered younger generations. Social media has become a platform for activism (e.g., #MeToo movement).
3. Economic Participation
While more women are entering the workforce, many are in informal, low-paid jobs. Gender wage gaps and glass ceilings still exist.
Data: As per the World Economic Forum (2023), India ranks 127th in gender parity.
4. Legal Reforms
New laws like the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act (2013), Domestic Violence Act (2005), and Maternity Benefit Amendment (2017) show progress in protecting women’s rights.
Continuing Challenges
- Unequal division of unpaid care work
- Gender-based violence and dowry-related crimes
- Lack of representation in decision-making bodies
- Cultural and religious conservatism
Conclusion
Gender stratification has undergone significant changes over time, from rigid roles and extreme patriarchy to more open and egalitarian systems. However, full equality is still a work in progress. Legal reforms, awareness, education, and economic empowerment continue to challenge traditional gender hierarchies. To move toward a more equitable society, gender-sensitive policies, inclusive practices, and active participation of both men and women are essential.