Introduction
Instructional design is the process of planning, developing, and delivering learning materials in a way that promotes effective learning. Two important models in instructional design are the Dick and Carey Model and the Kemp Model (often mistakenly referred to as the “Kary” model). These models offer systematic steps for creating instructional materials, especially useful in both classroom and distance education.
Dick and Carey Instructional Design Model
The Dick and Carey Model was developed by Walter Dick and Lou Carey. It views instruction as a systematic process where each part is connected. This model treats teaching and learning as a set of components that work together to achieve specific learning goals.
Main Steps of the Dick and Carey Model
- Identify Instructional Goals: Determine what learners should be able to do after instruction.
- Conduct Instructional Analysis: Break down what learners need to learn to reach the goal.
- Identify Entry Behaviors and Learner Characteristics: Understand learners’ existing knowledge, skills, and preferences.
- Write Performance Objectives: Clearly state what learners should be able to do after instruction.
- Develop Criterion-Referenced Tests: Create tests that measure how well learners meet objectives.
- Develop Instructional Strategy: Decide on the teaching methods, media, and content flow.
- Develop and Select Instructional Materials: Create or choose materials that support the strategy.
- Design and Conduct Formative Evaluation: Test instruction on a small group and make improvements.
- Revise Instruction: Modify materials based on feedback from formative evaluation.
- Design and Conduct Summative Evaluation: Evaluate the overall effectiveness of instruction.
Strengths of the Dick and Carey Model
- Structured and easy to follow.
- Focuses on learning outcomes.
- Encourages continuous improvement through evaluation.
Kemp Model of Instructional Design (Often Called “Kary”)
The Kemp Model, developed by Jerrold Kemp, provides a flexible approach to instructional design. Unlike the linear nature of Dick and Carey, the Kemp model is circular and allows designers to start at any point.
Main Elements of the Kemp Model
- Identify Instructional Problems: Understand what needs to be taught and why.
- Examine Learner Characteristics: Analyze the background and needs of the learners.
- Set Instructional Objectives: Clearly state what the learner should know or be able to do.
- Sequence Content: Organize content in logical and meaningful ways.
- Design Instructional Strategies: Select methods to present and teach the content.
- Plan Instructional Delivery: Decide how the instruction will be delivered (print, online, face-to-face, etc.).
- Develop Instructional Materials: Create actual teaching materials, such as handbooks, videos, or slides.
- Design Evaluation Instruments: Develop tools to assess learning and instruction quality.
- Support Services: Ensure learners receive technical and academic support.
Strengths of the Kemp Model
- Flexible and adaptable.
- Non-linear — can begin from any point.
- Addresses both instructional content and learner support.
Comparison of Dick and Carey vs. Kemp Model
| Aspect | Dick and Carey | Kemp |
|---|---|---|
| Structure | Linear, step-by-step | Flexible, circular |
| Focus | Systematic design based on objectives | Holistic view including support services |
| Best For | Instruction with clear goals and outcomes | Complex learning environments with changing needs |
Conclusion
Both the Dick and Carey Model and the Kemp Model offer useful approaches to instructional design. The Dick and Carey model is best for structured and outcome-based instruction, while the Kemp model is more flexible and learner-centered. Instructional designers can choose one based on their needs or even combine features from both to develop effective learning materials, especially in distance and open education.